Consider the following financial data for IBM Corporation and Oracle Corporation for the fiscal year 2023:

($ millions)	IBM Corporation	Oracle Corporation
Net sales	$75,000	$40,000
Cost of sales	31,000	16,000
Gross profit	44,000	24,000
Operating expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative	16,000	10,000
Research and development	6,000	4,000
Operating income	22,000	10,000
Interest and other (income) expense	2,000	1,000
Interest and investment income	(800)	(400)
Earnings before provision for income taxes	20,800	9,400
Provision for income taxes	6,200	2,800
Net earnings	$14,600	$6,600

Required: a. Compute the return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and return on financial leverage (ROFL) for IBM Corporation and Oracle Corporation. Assume a tax rate of 30%. b. Break down the ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT) for both companies. Identify the primary drivers of their ROA. c. Assess the trend in operating income over the past five years. How does it impact the companies' ability to invest in new technologies? d. Evaluate the inventory turnover ratio for IBM Corporation and Oracle Corporation. What does it reveal about their inventory management efficiency? e. Compare the net profit margins of IBM Corporation and Oracle Corporation. What insights can be drawn about their cost management and profitability?