Consider the following research questions/study scenarios. For each study, discuss the most appropriate methods for describing the data (graphically and numerically) and addressing the research questions? Be sure to provide a justification of the statistical method. When a statistical test is needed, provide appropriate null and research hypotheses.

a. A shady was performed to determine di'erences in pain experienced by chil dren with sickle cell disease (SCD) in inpatient and outpatient settings. Pain intensity (a visual analog scale) was the primary outcome of interest A. visual analog scale (VAS) provides a visual scalefruler that subjects can use to indi- cate their level of pain. This particular scale ranges from 0-10. b. Elderl'jir subjects are participating in a trial to investigate the benets of strength training. One of the outcomes is to investigate the expression levels oi inammatory biomarkers. The post-training expression levels are of interest These expression levels have traditionally followed a normal distribution. Is there a difference in the average expression levels of those who participated in strength training versus those who did not? c. Does the type of instruction patients receive improve? A pediatric dentistry clinic wants to evaluate whether the type of instruction on toothbrushing impacts compliance. A stud},r is conducted where parents receive instruction from either the dentist. a paper information packet to take home, or a DVD to watch. Compliance is measured by recording the proportion of days that par- ents brush the child's teeth in the 30 days following the visit. d. Can greater exposure to fresh fruits and vegetables help type 2 diabetics bet- ter manage the disease? A nutritional study has been proposed to determine whether providing farmer's market credits to type 2 diabetes patients can help reduce HbAlc, a continuous, normally distributed outcome. HbAlc is mea sured prior to the distribution of credits