Consider the pipeline execution of loops. Assume:

$$ An instruction requires $3$ clock cycles to execute.

$$ There are $5$ instructions to run the basic task in a loop, say copying data from one memory location to

another.

$$ There is one branch instruction at the end of the processing to close the loop.

$$ When the branch instruction is executed, the pipeline is flushed and we need to start over.

Question:

$1.$ What is the throughput of this loop? $($The total number of real instructions of a single loop over the total

numbers of clock cycles of the loop.$)$

$2.$ If we modify the loop to repeat the $5$ instructions $4$ times in the loop, what is the throughput of the new

loop?