Cowgirl Boots, inexpensive leather boots for women, are selling at record$-$high numbers. The CEO of the company, however, cannot figure out why. Was it caused by the company's recent advertisement campaign or the newly reduced price of the boots or some other unknown factor? Based on this information, what concept describes the CEO's confusion regarding Cowgirl Boots' recent success?

Multiple choice question.

causal ambiguity

path dependence

social complexity

time compression diseconomies