Criticisms of Lean as contributing to commodity shortages during the demic are

a$.$ Mostly justified

b$.$ A convenient excuse for poor sourcing strategies

c$.$ Not supported given Toyota's ability to avoid major shortages

d$.$ Fully justified because of Taiichi Ohno advocated offshoring of Toyot

e$.$ B and $C$ above

Lean strives to eliminate all types of waste, or muda, except in

a$.$ Transportation

b$.$ Defects

c$.$ Overproduction

d$.$ Training

e$.$ Transportation

Kanbans

a$.$ Can be in the form of bins, cards, or electronic signals

b$.$ Are an ideal way to pull inventory through production

c$.$ Help to prevent overproduction

d$.$ Can work as a simple visual system

e$.$ All of the above

Six Sigma is a framework for

a$.$ Data$-$driven problem solving where the customer is known, and the known

b$.$ Continuous improvement

c$.$ Change management

d$.$ Data$-$driven problem solving where the customer is not known, and known

Lean is

a$.$ A continuous improvement philosophy

b$.$ A framework for data$-$driven problem solving

c$.$ A system that pushes materials through production

d$.$ A program that only works in manufacturing