CSCI $160$ Computer Science $-$ I $($Spring $2024)$

Assignment $1$

Due Date: $1/17($Wednesday$),11\mathrm{.}59$ pm

Total Points: $100$ Points

Name: Thomas Rice

Please type your answers right below each of the questions.

Answer the following questions: $($Note: questions $1$ through $10$ above are $3$ points each $=30$ points$)$

$1.$ Describe what are the functions of a CPU?

Processing and executing programming instructions in whats known as a fetch$/$execute cycle.

$2.$ Describe the various logical components of a CPU along with functions each of these components perform.

Transistors$-$ A switch that blocks or allows electric current to pass through depending on the result of the process.

Arithmetic Logic Unit$-$ Performs arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition or AND operations.

Control Unit$-$ Fetches instructions and decodes operations into currents for the transistors to process.

Floating Point Unit$-$ Performs arithmetic operations on floating$-$point numbers.

Hardware registers$-$ storage of data. memory

$3.$ Explain the difference between main memory and secondary storage devices.

Primary Secondary

RAM$/$ROM SSD$/$HDD

Volatile$/$impermanent Non$-$volatile$/$permanent

Directly accessed by CPU Indirectly accessed

Fast Slow

Expensive Inexpensive

$4.$ What is a memory address?

Location of a bit of memory. Stores the data$/$instructions$.$

$5.$ Explain the statement $$Different processor types have different machine languages$.$

Processors have an architecture, essentially, how they are designed to accept and execute instructions. The different architectures require different programming languages.

$6.$ Explain the java compilation process including the function of JVM$.$

Java Compiles the source code into byte code. Then, it is interpreted within JVM into machine language which the CPU then uses to execute the instructions.

$7.$ How is the java compilation process different from a traditional programming language like C or C$++?$

Java compilation is different from these languages because it contains both a compiler and an interpreter. This means that the same Java source code can be used on CPUs of any supported architecture.

$8.$ Explain the concept of platform independence or portability.

Portability$/$platform independence refers to the ability for source code to be translated into machine languages of any architecture.

$9.$ What is the relationship between a high$-$level language and a machine language?

A machine language consists of $0$s and $1$s that, when executed by a CPU, indicate if a transistor should or should not allow current to pass through. A high$-$level language consists of English$($or other languages$)$ containing a set of instructions that is then translated into machine language to then be executed as a program by the CPU.

$10.$ What is Java bytecode?

Java bytecode is an intermediar language that translates into machine language using the interpreter known as JVM quickly in order to make on the fly instructions for the CPU.

$11.$ Select the word from the following list that best matches each of the following phrases:

Assembly, Compiler, IDE, Interpreter, Java, Low$-$level, Machine, High

$(1$ point each $=5$ points$)$

a$.$ A program written in this type of language can run directly on a computer

Machine Language

b$.$ Generally, each language instruction in this type of language corresponds to an equivalent machine language instruction

Assembly Language

c$.$ Most programmers write their programs using this type of language

High Level Language

d$.$ This type of program translates code in one language to code in machine language

Assembly

e$.$ This type of program interweaves the translation of code and the execution of the code

$12.$ How many bytes are in each of the following? $($Make sure to show your calculations$)$

$(3$ points each $=9$ points$)$

a$.3$ KB

b$.2$ MB

c$.4$ GB

$13.$ How many bits are there in each of the following? $($Make sure to show your calculations$)$

$(3$ points each $=9$ points$)$

a$.8$ bytes

b$.2$ KB

c$.4$ MB

$14.$ The music on a CD is created using a sampling rate of $44,000$ measurements per second. Each measurement is stored as a number that represents a specific voltage level. Suppose each of these numbers requires two bytes of storage space. How many MB does it take to represent one hour or music? $(7$ points$)$

Please provide details about each step that you took to arrive at the answer.

$15.$ If a language uses $240$ unique letters and symbols, how many bits would be needed to store each character of a document? Why? $(7$ points$)$

$16.$ If a CPU is rated at $1\mathrm{.}5$ GHz$,$ how many instructions per second can the CPU execute? How much time does it take to execute one instruction? $(5$ points$)$

$17.$ A RAM chip is organized as X $8$ memory, i$.$e$.$ each unit contains $8$ bits, or a byte. There are $7$ address pins on the chip. How many bytes does that memory chip contains? $($For clue read section $1\mathrm{.}1\mathrm{.}1$ in the textbook$)(5$ points$)$

Please provide details about each step that you took to arrive at the answer.

$18.$ In HTML$,$ a color