Cyber Volunteers:

A detailed discussion post in response to the following:

Under Rule 6.9, the authors of the Tallinn Manual indicate that "States have reportedly called upon private citizens to conduct cyber operations against other States or targets abroad (in a sense, 'cyber volunteers'. Additionally, under Rule 25.3, "...a civilian who directly participates in hostilities loses certain protections attendant to civilian states for such time as he or she so participates."

Question: What potential actions can a targeted State take against a civilian cyber volunteer?

Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to CYBER operations is used