DESIGNING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Researchers consider validity and reliability with each new study they design. This is because validity and reliability are not fixed but rather reflect a particular study's unique variables, research design, instruments, and participants.

In the context of research design, two types of validity, which speak to the quality of different features of the research process, are considered: internal validity and external validity. Assuming that the findings of a research study are internally validi.e., the researcher has used controls to determine that the outcome is indeed due to manipulation of the independent variable or the treatmentexternal validity refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized from the sample to the population or to other settings and groups. Reliability refers to the replicability of the findings, you will consider threats to internal and external validity in quantitative research and the strategies used to mitigate these threats. You will also consider the ethical implications of designing quantitative research.