Determine the amount of the standard deduction allowed for $2022$ in the following independent situations. In each case, assume that the taxpayer is claimed as another person's dependent.

Amount of the Standard Deduction

a$.$ Curtis, age $18,$ has income as follows: $$700$ interest from a certificate of deposit and $$12,800$ from repairing cars.

b$.$ Mattie, age $18,$ has income as follows: $$600$ cash dividends from investing in stock and $$4,700$ from working as a lifeguard at a local pool.

c$.$ Jason, age $16,$ has income as follows: $$675$ interest on a bank savings account and $$800$ for painting a neighbor's fence.

d$.$ Ayla, age $15,$ has income as follows$.$ $$400$ cash dividends from a stock investment and $$500$ from grooming pets.

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$$ e$.$ Sarah, age $67$ and a widow, has income as follows: $$500$ from a bank savings account and $$3,200$ from babysitting.