Determine the amount of the standard deduction allowed for 2018 in the following independent situations. In each case, assume the taxpayer is dependent of another taxpayer.

a. Mason, aged 18, has income as follows: $1,900 from a paper route and $10,800 from repairing computers. $

b. Emma, aged 17, has income as follows: $950 in cash dividends from a stock investment, $5,100 from providing dance lessons, and $1,700 from babysitting. $

c. Samuel, aged 13, has income as follows: $100 interest on a bank savings account and $500 from mowing neighbors' lawns. $

d. Gabriel, aged 22, has income as follows: $300 in cash dividends from a stock investment. $

e. Elijah, aged 65, has income as follows: $12,000 from Social Security and $5,200 in wages from a part-time job. $