Determine whether the following statement is true (T) or false (F).

Electronics is the technology that enables today's computer industry.

Question 1 options:

	True
	False

Question 2 (1 point)

Determine whether the following statement is true (T) or false (F).

One key advantage of the stored-program concept is that the computer can easily return to a previous instruction and repeat it.

Question 2 options:

	True
	False

Question 3 (1 point)

Determine whether the following statement is true (T) or false (F).

Although the stored-program concept made first-generation computers easier to use, they had to be programmed in machine language, which is composed of the numbers 0 and 1.

Question 3 options:

	True
	False

Question 4 (1 point)

Determine whether the following statement is true (T) or false (F).

Power-hungry transistors provided the memory for the first-generation computers.

Question 4 options:

	True
	False

Question 5 (1 point)

Choose the correct answer for the following question.

All computers that have been sold commercially have used which of the following?

Question 5 options:

	Terminals
	Transistors
	Vacuum tubes
	The stored-program concept

Question 6 (1 point)

Choose the correct answer for the following question.

What characterizes the first-generation computers?

Question 6 options:

	High-level programming languages
	Magnetic tapes and transistors
	Minicomputers
	Vacuum tubes and punched cards

Question 7 (1 point)

Choose the correct answer for the following question.

What kind of computer can be used for scientific or business purposes?

Question 7 options:

	Timesharing computer
	ENIAC
	Abacus
	General-purpose computer

Question 8 (1 point)

Write the correct term to complete the statement below.

UNIVAC is considered to be the first successful _____________.

Question 8 options:

Question 9 (1 point)

Write the correct term to complete the statement below.

_________________ allowed computers to exchange information and was the first computer industry standard.

Question 9 options:

Question 10 (1 point)Save

Write the correct term to complete the statement below.

Second-generation computers used _________ instead of vacuum tubes and were faster, smaller, and more reliable.

Question 10 options:

Question 11 (2 points)

Answer the following question in complete sentences. HINT: Answer both parts of the question for full credit.

What is ERMA and why was it such a significant development?

ized by a certain level of technological development. Some treatments of this subject assign precise dates to each gen- eration, but this practice overstates the clarity of the bound- ary between one generation and the next. Table 1 B. 1 intro- duces the four generations of computing technology. In sub sequent sections, you'll learn about each in more detail. . The First Generation (1950s) Until 1951, electronic computers were the exclusive posses- sions of scientists, engineers, and the military. No one had tried to create an electronic digital computer for business. And it wasnt much fun for Eckert and Mauchly, the first to try. When the University of Pennsylvania learned of their plans to transform ENIAC into a commercial product, University officials stated that the university owned the duo's patent. Eckr Figure 1B.3 and Mauchly resigned to form their own company, the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, and landed a government grant to develop their machine. They underestimated the amount of effort involved, however, and would not have delivered the computer if they hadnt been bailed out by UNMAC Remington Rand, a maker of electric shavers. With Rand's financial assis cty predicted the winne tance, Eckert and Mauchly delivered the first UNIVAC to the U.S. Census of the 1952 US presdencia Bureau in 1951 (see Figure 1B.3) Eckert and Mauchy delivered the first UNVAC to the US UNIMAC gained fame when it election Dwight Esenihower UNIVAC gained fame when it correctly predicted the winner of the 1952 U.S. presidential election, Dwight Eisenhower. Since then, computers have been used to pre- dict the winners in every presidential election. From today's perspective, first-generation computers are almost laughably primitive. For input, punched cards were used, although UNIVAC could also accept input on magnetic tape. Power-hungry vacuum tubes provided the memory (see Figure 1B.4). The problem with vacuum tubes was that they failed frequently, so first-generation comput- ers were down (not working) much of the time. For all the limitations of first-generation technology, UNIVAC was a much more modern machine than ENIAC Because it used fewer vacuum tubes than ENIAC, it was far more reliable. It employed the stored-program concept, provided a supervisory typewriter for controlling the computer, and used magnetic tapes for unlimited storage. Because the stored-program feature enabled users to run different programs, UNIVAC is considered to be the first successful general-purpose computer. A general-purpose computer can did not work most of the ne be used for scientific or business purposes, depending on how it is Figure 1B.4 The first generation of comput ers used vacuum tubes Vacuum tubes talled trequently. so first generation computers general Although the stored-program concept made first generation computers easier to use, they had to be pro- grammed in machine language, which is composed of the numbers 0 and 1 because electronic computers use the binary numbering system, which contains only 0 and People often find binary numbers difficult to read Moreover, each type of computer has a unique machine language, which is designed to communicate directly with the processors instruction set, the list of operations it is designed to carry out. Because machine language was dif ficult to work with, only a few specialists understood how to program these early computers. Realizing that Rand's new computers posed a threat to its core business, IBM reacted quickly. In 1953, the company announced its first commercial computer, the IBM 70, but it wasnt popular because it didn't work with IBM's own punched-card equipment (see Figure 1 B5). The 701 was quickly followed by the highly-successful (and more user-friendly) IBM 650, which interfaced with the most widely-used punched-card tech- nology in the world. Thanks to IBM's aggressive sales staff, IBM sold over a Figure 1B.5 BMS first commercial compue- the 701, wasnt popukr because it didnt work witn BMS own punched-card equipment thousand 650s in the first year of the computer's availability