Diane frequently complains of terrible headaches and so ends up at the nurse's office several times a week. Yet two different physicians have been unable to find a cause for Diane's headaches, and Diane's parents report that their daughter rarely has headaches at home. Diane is falling further and further behind in her schoolwork, so her teacher and parents meet with the nurse and school psychologist to brainstorm possible solutions to her problem. The school psychologist suggests that the teacher keep track of the occasions when Diane complains about a headache. Two weeks later, the teacher reports that all of Diane's complaints occur just before a test or difficult assignment. Suddenly the teacher and parents begin to suspect that perhaps Diane complains of headaches as a way of getting out of difficult schoolwork. This situation illustrates an approach known as:

1. cognitive behavioral analysis

2. logistical consequences

3. functional analysis

4. the use of incompatible behaviors