difficult if the document has not been updated recently, that is$,$ within the last two or three years. For example, a family member may insist that the patient had changed his mind and the previously stated preferences are no longer valid.

Based on your reading of Chapter $8,$ discuss one or two other sets of circumstances that might justify overriding the instructions detailed in a patient's advance directive.

Provide an ethical analysis supporting the decision to override the patient's right of autonomy or discuss why such a course of action would not be supported from the perspective of biomedical ethics.