Direct Labor Wage and Efficiency Variances Two basic ways in which the actual cost of direct labor can deviate from standard cost is through: (1) wage rate or (2) the number of hours used in production. Therefore, the labor rate variance and the labor efficiency variance are typically calculated in determining whether or not the cost of direct labor is as expected or not. When standard costing is used in this way it is used for decision making X The labor rate variance compares the actual price paid per unit of direct materials to the standard price. The difference is then multiplied by the actual quantity of materials. Labor rate variance = (Actual wage x Actual hours) - (Standard wage Actual hours) or Labor rate variance = Actual hours (Actual wage - Standard wage) Unlike materials, labor cannot be inventoried. So actual hours are measured as hours worked in production. For example, Filmont Company has the following standard cost card for prime costs: Direct materials (3 yards @ $1.75 per yard) $5.25 Direct labor (1.2 hours @ $20 per hour) 24.00 Last month, Filmont produced 450 units. Actual cost for direct labor was $10,653 for 530 direct labor hours worked. Standard hours for actual quantity equaled $ 540 hours. Then, Labor rate variance = $10,653 - (530 $20) = $10,653 - $10,600 = $53 Unfavorable or Labor rate variance = 530($20.10 - $20.00) = $53 Unfavorable Notice that the second equation makes it easier to compare the actual wage of $20.10 per hour ($10,653/530 hours) with the standard wage of $20 per hour. Clearly, Filmont Company has paid $0.10 per hour more than standard. Multiplied by 530 actual hours worked the variance between actual wage and standard wage expected is $53. Suppose that Filmont had paid $10,388 for 530 hour. The labor rate variance would be $ 212 X Favorable X The labor efficiency variance compares the direct labor hours actually worked with the standard direct labor hours that should have been worked for actual production. The standard amount is based on the number of units actually produced and the unit direct labor standard. Labor rate variance = (Actual wage x Actual hours) - (Standard wage x Actual hours) or Labor rate variance Actual hours (Actual wage - Standard wage) Recall that Filmont Company has the following standard cost card for prime costs: Direct materials (3 yards @ $1.75 per yard) $5.25 Direct labor (1.2 hours @ $20 per hour) 24.00 Last month, Filmont produced 450 units and had 530 hours of direct labor. What is the number of direct labor hours at standard for last month? 540 hours Then the labor efficiency variance = $20 X (540 - 530) = $200 Favorable The labor efficiency variance is favorable because fewer hours were worked than the standard (450 units X 1.2 hours per unit) for actual units produced. Suppose 560 hours had been worked. The labor efficiency variance would have been $ -400 Favorable X Direct Labor Wage and Efficiency Variances Two basic ways in which the actual cost of direct labor can deviate from standard cost is through: (1) wage rate or (2) the number of hours used in production. Therefore, the labor rate variance and the labor efficiency variance are typically calculated in determining whether or not the cost of direct labor is as expected or not. When standard costing is used in this way it is used for decision making X The labor rate variance compares the actual price paid per unit of direct materials to the standard price. The difference is then multiplied by the actual quantity of materials. Labor rate variance = (Actual wage x Actual hours) - (Standard wage Actual hours) or Labor rate variance = Actual hours (Actual wage - Standard wage) Unlike materials, labor cannot be inventoried. So actual hours are measured as hours worked in production. For example, Filmont Company has the following standard cost card for prime costs: Direct materials (3 yards @ $1.75 per yard) $5.25 Direct labor (1.2 hours @ $20 per hour) 24.00 Last month, Filmont produced 450 units. Actual cost for direct labor was $10,653 for 530 direct labor hours worked. Standard hours for actual quantity equaled $ 540 hours. Then, Labor rate variance = $10,653 - (530 $20) = $10,653 - $10,600 = $53 Unfavorable or Labor rate variance = 530($20.10 - $20.00) = $53 Unfavorable Notice that the second equation makes it easier to compare the actual wage of $20.10 per hour ($10,653/530 hours) with the standard wage of $20 per hour. Clearly, Filmont Company has paid $0.10 per hour more than standard. Multiplied by 530 actual hours worked the variance between actual wage and standard wage expected is $53. Suppose that Filmont had paid $10,388 for 530 hour. The labor rate variance would be $ 212 X Favorable X The labor efficiency variance compares the direct labor hours actually worked with the standard direct labor hours that should have been worked for actual production. The standard amount is based on the number of units actually produced and the unit direct labor standard. Labor rate variance = (Actual wage x Actual hours) - (Standard wage x Actual hours) or Labor rate variance Actual hours (Actual wage - Standard wage) Recall that Filmont Company has the following standard cost card for prime costs: Direct materials (3 yards @ $1.75 per yard) $5.25 Direct labor (1.2 hours @ $20 per hour) 24.00 Last month, Filmont produced 450 units and had 530 hours of direct labor. What is the number of direct labor hours at standard for last month? 540 hours Then the labor efficiency variance = $20 X (540 - 530) = $200 Favorable The labor efficiency variance is favorable because fewer hours were worked than the standard (450 units X 1.2 hours per unit) for actual units produced. Suppose 560 hours had been worked. The labor efficiency variance would have been $ -400 Favorable X