"Discuss the theoretical foundations essential in chemical engineering processes and their practical applications. Explore key principles such as mass and energy balances, thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, and transport phenomena, elucidating their roles in designing and optimizing chemical processes. Consider how these theories are employed in various industrial sectors$,$ from petrochemicals to pharmaceuticals, to achieve desired product specifications, process efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Investigate the interplay between chemical engineering fundamentals and emerging technologies, such as process intensification and renewable energy integration. Analyze case studies showcasing the implementation of theoretical concepts in real$-$world scenarios, highlighting challenges faced and innovative solutions developed. Finally, evaluate the importance of continuous learning and adaptation of theoretical knowledge in addressing evolving global demands and advancing the field of chemical engineering."