Discuss whether the principal is liable in the following situations:

#1: Nick hires Samantha, an attorney, to negotiate a contract to buy some land.He agrees to pay her $75 an hour for her services, and she agrees to use her own office and staff to negotiate the agreement. One day, Samantha is driving her own car to a meeting with Eddie to discuss the purchase of the land that he owns. Ruth drives too fast and has a minor traffic accident that results in $500 damage to the other car.

#2: Patrick owns a retail store. He goes out and hires Megan to work for him as a sales clerk in the small appliance department.Patrick instructs Megan to make certain representations to customers regarding a microwave oven, which Megan sells.Patrick knows these misrepresentations are false, but Megan does not. Raven buys a microwave in reliance on the misrepresentations.

#3: Patrick owns a retail store. He hires Megan to work for him as a sales clerk. Patrick doesn't specifically tell Megan to make misrepresentations, but he gives ambiguous instructions to her that led her to believe she should make such misrepresentations. Raven buys a microwave based upon the mistaken information conveyed to her by Megan.

#4: ABCD Corporation hires Carlos as an outside salesman and instructs him to call on customers in a specified territory and to solicit orders for their products. One day Carlos is driving the company car to call on a client. He accidentally drives the wrong way on a one-way street and has an accident with another vehicle that results in $6,000 in property damage and $30,000 in medical expenses.

#5: The Advanced Business Machines Company (ABMC) hires Jacob as an outside salesman for its computers. It sets high sales quotas for him and instructs him to beat up salesmen from competing firms in order to keep them away from ABMC customers. In order to meet his monthly sales quota, Jacob roughs up Mason, who is a salesman for a competing firm and then tells Mason to find his own customers and to stay away from Jacob's territory.