Disruptions in Business When Disaster Strikes From exploding Samsung smartphones to Volkswagen fraud, companies have experienced their share of selfinflicted bungles in recent years. But sometimes crises arise from external eventsfires, floods, earthquakes, network failure, and data loss that a company has little control over. A good strategic plan includes both contingency planning and a crisis management plan that helps a company recover from these externally imposed disasters. In recent years, network failures and data loss have become all too common. In October 2016, for example, major websites such as Twitter, Netflix, Spotify, and Airbnb were shut down by a cyberattack on Dyn, a company whose servers monitor and reroute Internet traffic. Dyn is one of many hosts for the Domain Name System (DNS), which translates userfriendly web addresses like Amazon.com into numerical addresses. Without the DNS servers operated by Internet service providers, the Internet could not function. The attack on Dyn was a distributed Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack on hundreds of thousands of Internet-connected devices like cameras, baby monitors, and home routers. All were infected with malware to flood the company servers with traffic until it collapsed under the load. Such attacks are not only becoming more common, but are also more powerful, more sophisticated, and increasingly aimed at core Internet infrastructure providers. Security researchers have long warned that the increasing number of devices being hooked up to the Internet would present an enormous security issue. In this case, the attack was on the Dyn infrastructure that supports Internet connections. Although the attack did not affect the websites themselves, it blocked or slowed users who were trying to gain access to the sites. Because of these attacks, many companies are pushing at least parts of their infrastructure to cloud computing networks because that decentralizes their system and makes them harder to attack. But that doesn't guarantee that there will be no problems. In March 2017, Amazon's web servers, the largest and most secure in the world, suffered an hourslong outage that affected Internet functionality across the world. The cause? A typo in a coding update. The giant S3 storage system had grown beyond Amazon's capacity to serve, and a single innocuous command issued during a routine debugging attempt caused a series of cascading failures that shut down the cloud storage service for hours, creating millions of dollars of costly business disruption. Read the section Disruptions in Business "When Disaster Strikes\" on page 129 and answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between contingency planning and crisis management? 2. Explain how contingency planning and crisis management are relevant for dealing with the problem of cyberattacks