During the early days of the pandemic, there was a surge of toilet paper demand as consumers started panic buying in case of future disruption of supplies. This scenario led to a real life example of the Bullwhip Effect. Consider a 4 stage Toilet Paper supply chain: Retailer, Wholesaler, Distributor and Manufacturer. Each stage must decide how many rolls of toilet paper to order from its upstream partner, given the order quantity that it received in the current time period