During the last few years, Jana Industries has been too constrained by the high cost of capital to make many capital investments. Recently, though, capital costs have been declining, and the company has decided to look seriously at a major expansion program proposed by the marketing department. Assume that you are an assistant to Leigh Jones, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Jana$$s cost of capital. Jones has provided you with the following data, which she believes may be relevant to your task:

The firm$$s tax rate is $25\%.$

The current price of Jana$$s $12\%$ coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with $15$ years remaining to maturity is $$1,153\mathrm{.}72.$ There are $70,000$ bonds. Jana does not use short$-$term interest$-$bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost.

The current price of the firm$$s $10\%,$ $$100$ par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is $$116\mathrm{.}95.$ There are $200,000$ outstanding shares. Jana would incur flotation costs equal to $5\%$ of the proceeds on a new issue.

Jana$$s common stock is currently selling at $$50$ per share. There are $3$ million outstanding common shares. Its last dividend was $$3\mathrm{.}12,$ and dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of $5\mathrm{.}8\%$ in the foreseeable future. Jana$$s beta is $1\mathrm{.}2,$ the yield on T$-$bonds is $5\mathrm{.}6\%,$ and the market risk premium is estimated to be $6\%.$ For the own$-$bond$-$yield$-$plus$-$judgmental$-$risk$-$premium approach, the firm uses a $3\mathrm{.}2\%$ risk premium.

To help you structure the task, Leigh Jones has asked you to answer the questions below.

Questions

a$.(1)$ What sources of capital should be included when you estimate Jana$$s weighted average cost of capital?

$(2)$ Should the component costs be figured on a before$-$tax or an after$-$tax basis?

$(3)$ Should the costs be historical $($embedded$)$ costs or new $($marginal$)$ costs?

b$.$ What is the market interest rate on Jana$$s debt, and what is the component cost of this debt for WACC purposes?

$(1)$ What is the firm$$s cost of preferred stock?

$(2)$ Jana$$s preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferred stock$$s yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt. Does this suggest that you have made a mistake? $($Hint: Think about taxes.$)$

c$.(1)$ What is the firm$$s cost of preferred stock?

$(2)$ Jana$$s preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferred stock$$s yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt. Does this suggest that you have made a mistake? $($Hint: Think about taxes.$)$

d$.(1)$ What are the two primary ways companies raise common equity?

$(2)$ Why is there a cost associated with reinvested earnings?

$(3)$ Jana doesn$$t plan to issue new shares of common stock. Using the CAPM approach, what is Jana$$s estimated cost of equity?

e$.(1)$ What is the estimated cost of equity using the dividend growth approach?

$(2)$ Suppose the firm has historically earned $15\%$ on equity $($ROE$)$ and has paid out $62\%$ of earnings, and suppose investors expect similar values to obtain in the future. How could you use this information to estimate the future dividend growth rate, and what growth rate would you get? Is this consistent with the $5\mathrm{.}8\%$ growth rate given earlier?

$(3)$ Could the dividend growth approach be applied if the growth rate were not constant? How?