During the year, Bambi Inc made a loss of $5,000. Which of the following must be true?

a. If Bambi's Retained earnings decrease, then Bambi must have paid dividends

b. If Bambi's Retained earnings increase, then Bambi must have paid dividends

c. If Bambi's total Stockholder's Equity increases, then shareholders must have contributed additional capital

d. If Bambi's total Stockholder's Equity decreases, then shareholders must have contributed additional capital

e. None of the statements above is necessarily true