eight pairs of darter species (16 species in all) from Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, South Carolina, and North Carolina and brought them all back to the lab. In some species pairs the color patterns were very similar, and in some they were very different. For each species pair, he put five males of both species and five females of both species in the same fish tank and observed their behavior for five hours. He did this eight times, once for each species pair (for a total of 1,280 fish!). During the five-hour observation period, he recorded (1) how many times females mated with males of their own species or of a different species and (2) how many times males were aggressive towards males of their own species or of a different species. He used these data to calculate an index of bias for each behavior, to show whether individuals had stronger reactions towards members of their own species. He used the following equation, where A and B represent two different species and AxA represents how individuals in species A acted towards other members of species A: index of bias= (AxA+BxB)- (AxB + BxA) (AxA+AxB) + (BxA + BxB) Another way to write the same equation is: index of bias= (# events within species) - (# events across species) total # of events If the index of bias value is positive (greater than zero), this means that the behavior happened more often with members of the same species. If the index of bias value is negative (less than zero), this means that the behavior happened more often with members from a different species. Michael also measured color differences between each pair using digital pictures. The larger the color difference score, the more different the color pattern is between the two species. Scientific Question: In what ways do color pattern differences between different darter species influence female mating decisions and male aggression? What is the hypothesis? State Dr Martin's alternative hypothesis from the above text I