ELKO, a manufacturer of lighting fixtures, has been outstanding in developing new products, but the new CEO has observed some potential opportunities in optimizing its distribution system. Current Distribution System The company has 100 SKUs in its product line, all manufactured in own plants located in the Cleveland area. For demand management purposes, the contiguous United States was divided into 5 regions as shown below. Each region was served by a separate distribution center (DC) owned by ELKO. Customers (all business: retailers, contractors, offices, etc.) placed orders with the DCs, which tried to supply them from inventory. A DC, in turn, ordered replenishments from the company's plants, using a periodic review policy with a reorder interval of six days. All DCs carried safety inventories to ensure a CSL of 95%. The plants scheduled production based on DC orders (i.e., no finished-goods inventory at the plants). ELKO used a third-party trucking company for all transportation. On average, orders transported from the plants to the DCs cost $0.08 per item, whereas shipments from the DC to the customers cost $0.15 per item. Two days were necessary between the time a DC placed an order with a plant and the time the order was put on a truck at a plant. Further, transportation lead time of the trucking company for shipments from the plants to the DCs was normally distributed: 3 days on average, with 1-day standard deviation. A detailed study of the product line had shown that there were three basic categories of products in terms of the volume of sales: High, Medium, and Low. Demand forecast for a representative product in each category (Products H,M, and L ) is shown in the table below. Of the 100 products that ELKO sold, 10 were of type High, 20 of type Medium, and 70 of type Low. The holding cost incurred was $0.05, $0.10, and $0.15 per item per day (respectively, for products H,M and L ) whether the item was in transit or in storage. Assume the product ownership is transferred to the customer once it leaves a DC. The task force the CEO put together came with the following recommendation: Build a centralized distribution center (CDC) near Chicago, close all regional distribution centers, and supply all products to all demand regions from the new CDC. Given that Chicago is close to Cleveland, the inbound transportation cost from the plants to the CDC would go down to $0.05 per unit, and the transportation lead time for shipments between the plants and the CDC would be exactly 1 day. The CDC would continue to follow a periodic review policy with a reorder interval of six days, and a CSL of 95% for safety stock. Given the increased average distance, however, the outbound transportation cost to customers from the CDC would increase to $0.40 per unit. The new CDC would need an upfront investment of $2 million. However, centralization to a single distribution center would result in efficiencies in operations, maintenance, and other overhead, leading to annual savings of $120,000. 2) What is the total annual inventory and distribution cost of the proposed distribution system? Instructions/Hints: - Use Excel to expedite calculations. - Calculate costs for each product type separately. Then, add them up using the information on how many products there are of that type. - Assume independent demand between the regions. This enables you to calculate the "cumulative variance as sum of variances". - Do not ignore pipeline (in-transit) inventory due to total lead time between the plants and the DCs. - Do not ignore relevant transportation costs. - NPV=rCF, where CF is the annual cash flow and r is the required annual rate of return. ELKO, a manufacturer of lighting fixtures, has been outstanding in developing new products, but the new CEO has observed some potential opportunities in optimizing its distribution system. Current Distribution System The company has 100 SKUs in its product line, all manufactured in own plants located in the Cleveland area. For demand management purposes, the contiguous United States was divided into 5 regions as shown below. Each region was served by a separate distribution center (DC) owned by ELKO. Customers (all business: retailers, contractors, offices, etc.) placed orders with the DCs, which tried to supply them from inventory. A DC, in turn, ordered replenishments from the company's plants, using a periodic review policy with a reorder interval of six days. All DCs carried safety inventories to ensure a CSL of 95%. The plants scheduled production based on DC orders (i.e., no finished-goods inventory at the plants). ELKO used a third-party trucking company for all transportation. On average, orders transported from the plants to the DCs cost $0.08 per item, whereas shipments from the DC to the customers cost $0.15 per item. Two days were necessary between the time a DC placed an order with a plant and the time the order was put on a truck at a plant. Further, transportation lead time of the trucking company for shipments from the plants to the DCs was normally distributed: 3 days on average, with 1-day standard deviation. A detailed study of the product line had shown that there were three basic categories of products in terms of the volume of sales: High, Medium, and Low. Demand forecast for a representative product in each category (Products H,M, and L ) is shown in the table below. Of the 100 products that ELKO sold, 10 were of type High, 20 of type Medium, and 70 of type Low. The holding cost incurred was $0.05, $0.10, and $0.15 per item per day (respectively, for products H,M and L ) whether the item was in transit or in storage. Assume the product ownership is transferred to the customer once it leaves a DC. The task force the CEO put together came with the following recommendation: Build a centralized distribution center (CDC) near Chicago, close all regional distribution centers, and supply all products to all demand regions from the new CDC. Given that Chicago is close to Cleveland, the inbound transportation cost from the plants to the CDC would go down to $0.05 per unit, and the transportation lead time for shipments between the plants and the CDC would be exactly 1 day. The CDC would continue to follow a periodic review policy with a reorder interval of six days, and a CSL of 95% for safety stock. Given the increased average distance, however, the outbound transportation cost to customers from the CDC would increase to $0.40 per unit. The new CDC would need an upfront investment of $2 million. However, centralization to a single distribution center would result in efficiencies in operations, maintenance, and other overhead, leading to annual savings of $120,000. 2) What is the total annual inventory and distribution cost of the proposed distribution system? Instructions/Hints: - Use Excel to expedite calculations. - Calculate costs for each product type separately. Then, add them up using the information on how many products there are of that type. - Assume independent demand between the regions. This enables you to calculate the "cumulative variance as sum of variances". - Do not ignore pipeline (in-transit) inventory due to total lead time between the plants and the DCs. - Do not ignore relevant transportation costs. - NPV=rCF, where CF is the annual cash flow and r is the required annual rate of return