Energy is the basic necessity for the economic development of a country. It is practically impossible to estimate the actual magnitude of the part that energy has played in the building up of present-day civilization. The availability of huge amount of energy in the modern times has resulted in a shorter working day, higher agricultural and industrial production, a healthier and more balanced diet and better transportation facilities. As a matter of fact, there is a close relationship between the energy used per person and his standard of living. The greater the per capita consumption of energy in a country, the higher is the standard of living of its people. Energy exists in different forms in nature but the most important form is the electrical energy. The modern society is so much dependent upon the use of electrical energy that it has become a part and parcel of our life. Since electrical energy is produced from energy available in various forms in nature, i.e. Sun, Wind, Water, Fuels and Nuclear energy. Out of these sources, the energy due to Sun and wind has not been utilized on large scale due to a number of limitations. At present, the other three sources viz., water, fuels and nuclear energy are primarily used for the generation of electrical energy. Color Key: Red: Generation Blue: Transmission Green: Distribution Black: Customer Generating Station Transmission lines 765, 500, 345, 230, and 138 kV Generating Step Up Transformer Transmission Customer 138kV or 230kV Figure 1 Substation Step Down Transformer Subtransmission Customer 26kV and 69kV Primary Customer 13kV and 4kV Secondary Customer 120V and 240V The annual load duration curve of a power system is shown in Figure 1. The maximum demand is 19,800 + RN KW. The load is supplied by two power plants, one having a capacity of 12.5 MW, and other having a capacity of 10 MW. Plant #1 is the hydro power plant and plant #2 is the steam power plant. Plant # 1 (12.5 MW) is used throughout the year and plant #2 (10 MW) is used whenever the load exceeds the capacity of plant #1. Calculate the following parameters: a. Load Factor is a number that gives you an idea of what kind of energy consumer you are; everything you need to calculate it can be found by looking at your electricity bill. The value of the Load factor will always be less than one. A lower number means that your general energy demand is far away from what your peak demand is and that you could be more efficient in your energy consumption. The closer you get to 1 (or 100%), means you have fewer peaks in the way you consume energy and are more efficient in the way you consume electrical energy. Calculate the load factor of the given problem. [7 marks] b. The plant capacity factor indicates the reserve capacity of the power station. An electric power station is so designed that it has some reserve capacity for meeting the increased load demand in future. Thus, the installed capacity of a power station is always somewhat greater than the maximum demand on the power station. Calculate the plant capacity factor, plant use factor and reserve capacity of the given power plants. [10 marks] 17.5 12.5 w peo 10 7,5 5 2.5 fo Percentage of year Figure 1 c. The diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness). When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. Calculate the overall maximum demand and aggregate demand of these power plants if diversity factor is 1. RN and 1. 3RN respectively. [7 marks] d. If the tariff is Rs RN per kW of maximum demand plus 8 paise per unit plus RN paise per unit for each 1% of power factor below 90%, calculate the monthly bill of the consumer if reactive energy is 20000+RN KVAR. [8 marks] e. A three-phase motor connected to 380V, 50 Hz supply takes 100 A at a power factor of 0. RN lagging. Calculate the capacitance required in parallel with the three- phase motor to raise the power factor to 0.96 lagging. [10 marks] f. How can we reduce the current crisis of electricity in Pakistan without installing the new power plants? Explain in detail the reasons of current crisis of electricity and its solutions. [8 marks] g. Implement the Simulation Model of any Power Plant Using MATLAB/Simulink. This part of CEP is optional. 1 absolute mark will be added in your final result if you do this part. Note: RN means registration number. If your registration number is 19-EE-062. then only write 62