ENGNEERNG Ethics

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stration, ents had to identify feasible building materials, decide betweern SUVs). Micro issues arose concerning the Ford Explorer and stone, who provided tires for the Explorer uring the late 1990s, reports began to multiply about the tread from the rest of the tire, leading to lowouts and rollovers. By 2002, estimates were that 300 peopl ad died, and another 1,000 people were injured, and more recent stimates place the numbers much higher. Ford and Bridgestone/ irestone blamed each other for the problem, leading to the reakup of a century-old business partnership. As it turned out and lso tion, shelter nd endurance. They had to create safe access for the villagers, ncluding ample head and shoulder room at entrances and a safe oor for bare feet. They had to ensure humane conditions for the and ventilation, comfort dur- ng climate changes, convenient delivery of food and water, and rotection from local predators that could dig under fences. They nd protection against natural calamities-and to enhance the convenience and beauty of our everyday lives. They make pos- sible spectacular human triumphs once only dreamed of in myth nd science fiction. Almost a century and a half ago in Fram the Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne imagined Ameriean space travel rs being launched from Florida, circling the moon, and return- ing to splash down in the Pacifie Ocean. In Decemher 1968, three did exactly that. Seven months later, on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong took the first human steps on the moon (Figure 1-1). This extraordinary event was shared with millions of earthbound people watching the live to Brid zers. The primary goal, however, was to double current chicken nd egg production. A number of design concepts were explored efore a variation of a fenced-in concept proved preferable to set of cages. Additional modifications needed to be made as tudents worked with villagers to implement the design in ways lawed tire design and poor quality control at a major manufac uring facility. Ford chose tires with a poor safety margin, reliecd n drivers to maintain proper inflation within a very narrow ange, and then dragged its feet in admitting the problem and f connection with the cosmos and even fostered dreams of rou- ecalling dangerous tires. hat best served their needs and interests. In combining myriad design goals and constraints, engineer- ng projects integrate multiple moral values connected with those oals and constraints-for example, safety, efficiency, respect for ersons, and respect for the environment. A elsewhere, moral myriad, and they can give rise to ethical dilemmas ituations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which he applications of moral values are problematic, and it is not mmediately obvious what should be done. The moral reasons ight be obligations, rights, goods, ideals, or other moral consid- rations. For example, at what point does the aim of increasing hicken and egg production compromise humane conditions for In contrast, macro issues center on charges that SUVs are mong the most harmful vehieles on the road, especially given tamir, mnr.me. .11". Renllomes ene mein e: te 17ter liter, storresaree, olluting, instability because their height leads to rollovers reater "kill rate" of other drivers during accidents, redueing the ision of drivers in shorter cars behind them on freeways, and linding other drivers vision because of high-set lights. Keith radsher estimates that SUVs are causing approximately 3,000 eaths in excess of what cars would have caused: "Roughly 1,000 xtra deaths occur each year in SUVs that rol over, compared ith the expected rollover death rate if these motorists had been riving cars. About 1,000 more people die each year in cars hit by s than would occur ifthe cars had been hit by other cars. And p to 1,000 additional people succumb each year to respiratory roblems because of the extra smog caused by SUVs. Bradsher elieves these numbers will continue to increase as more SUV re added to the road each year and as older vehicles are resold ates benefits, it raises new moral challenges. Just as exploration shuttles, Challenger in 1986 and Colum explosions of the bia in 2003, were tragedies that could have been prevented had alues are We will examine these and other cases of human error, for in considering ethics and engineering a eal risks to overshadow technological benefits. Ethics involves appreciating the vast positive dimensions of engineering that so Technical skill and morally good judgment need to go together n solving ethical dilemmas, and, in general, in making moral benefits from the top 20 engineering achievements of the twen- nd the ncient Greeks, whose word arete translates into English as radio and television, agricultural ions, excellence and ethics go together for the most part and whole, or at least by representa and elsewhere, household technologies, petrochemical technologies, laser and fiber opties, societies? If so, what ahould be done? Or, in a democratic and capitalistic society, should engineers play a role only as indi- iduals but not as organized groups? Should engineers remain icro and Macro Issues engincering, defines engineering ethies, and states the goals awmakers? We leave these questions as discussion questions at he end of the section Even larger macro issues surround public ransportation issues in relation to all automobiles and SUVs as we look to the future with a dramatically increasing population shrinking of traditional resources, and concerns about global ence and ethics in terms of broader sccietal and environmental d to be prepared to grapple with both micro which today most engineering takes place, and also the need for a basic congruence between the goals of responsible profession d macro issues. Micro issues ssues concern f groups such as f excellence, not "tacked on" as external burdens. This is true f even the simplest engineering projects, as illustrated by the ngineering professional societies and consumer groups, Both icro and macro 18sues are i to studenta in a ing course: "Design a chicken coop that would increase egg and chicken production, using materials that were readily available and maintainable by local workers [at a Mayan cooperative in Guatemala]. The end users were to be the women of a weaving ooperative who wanted to inerease the protein in their children's diet in ways that are consistent with their traditional diet, while not appreciably distracting from their weaving."2