Equivalent annual cost A manufacturer of packaging for companies that produce breakfast cereals is considering alternatives regarding the process it uses to pre-process carton paper used to make the packaging. Historically, the company has been using equipment which cuts raw carton paper received from its various suppliers. This cut paper is further painted and assembled into a box shape by two other pieces of equipment. Recently, however, most of its customers began requesting that certain design elements be pressed into the packaging, giving the packaging more visual appeal. The customers were willing to pay more for the added service, making it particularly lucrative for the firm to have incorporate this possibility into its packaging offerings. Managers believed that the existing equipment would be able to handle the new process with certain modifications. In addition to modifying the existing equipment, the company two other alternatives. All alternatives will be able to produce the desired result, will result in the same quality of finished produce, satisfying the companys and its customers demands, but differ in annual maintenance costs, initial price, and longevity. The first alternative is to keep existing equipment, but update it to handle the new process. The old equipment was bought three years ago, at the price of US$4M and is being depreciated on the straightline basis over 8-year useful life to its expected salvage value of zero. Managers determined that the old equipments current market value is $1.5M, which is below its book value due to significant expenses associated with moving it somewhere else. The necessary updates, which need to be depreciated over 4 years, will allow to provide the modifications that customers were seeking. The expected cost of the necessary updates is $1100K. The old equipment requires $400,000 in annual maintenance expense. The second alternative is to replace the old equipment with new one. The new equipment would cost US$2M to buy and install, requires $700,000 in annual maintenance expense, but has a useful life of 6 years. It is also depreciated using straight-line method but has a salvage value of $200,000 at the end of its life. The third alternative is to outsource the cutting of the paper to an external contractor. This will involve selling the existing equipment. The management expected that external contractors would charge $1.3M per year to produce the required quantity of pre-cut carton paper, at the required quality, using the new process with pressed elements. The added benefit of the outsourcing is that it will allow to reduce days of sales in inventories by 3 days, or roughly $300K, due to buying the paper later in the production process. Calculate the Equivalent Annual Cost of each alternative. What alternative would be the least costly for the company and what alternative should the company choose? The companys weighted average cost of capital is 10% and its marginal rate of income tax is 21%. EAC of keeping old equipment: ______________________________________ EAC of buying new equipment: ______________________________________ EAC of outsourcing: ______________________________________ The firm should: ______________________________________ because ______________________________________

QUESTION 2 Weighted Average Cost of Capital Suggested sources of the data: 1. SECs Edgar database for financial statements and annual report 2. Stock returns from CRSP database to calculate the beta (an Excel file with the data is available on Canvas. Column B is the date of the end of the observation month, J is monthly returns on Boeings stock, L is CRSP value-weighted index, N is S&P 500 index returns). 3. FINRAs TRACE database for public bond yields and prices 4. U.S. Treasurys web-site for T-bond rates 5. Yahoos finance web-site, NASDAQ.com, or NYSE.com for the most current stock price ASSIGNMENT: Estimate the most current Weighted Average Cost of Capital of the Boeing Company (ticker: BA). Use CAPM to estimate the cost of equity. Assume that the capital structure (the market debtto- equity ratio) observed as of the most recent annual financial statements remains in place forever for the company. Also assume that the market risk premium is 5% and that the marginal tax rate is 21%.