Error Analysis: Describe at least one source of SCIENTIFIC error in this experiment, and explain how it would have affected your final results.

Reminder: An error analysis is typically a single paragraph that provides details on the accuracy and precision of the lab equipment used, a discussion of the experimental errors, and an estimate of the errors in the final results. Remember, errors are not "mistakes". Errors arise because the equipment and/or the environment inevitably fail to match the ideal circumstances assumed when deriving a theory or equation. The two principal sources of error are:

• Physical phenomena: Environmental variations may alter the phenomena being measured and affect the measured quantity. Examples include stray magnetic or electric fields or friction that is unaccounted for.
• Limitations of the observer, analysis, and/or equipment: Rounding while performing calculations and variations in the precision and/or accuracy of equipment may skew data.

Examples include error when reading a rough volume in a beaker (due to uncertainty in the last estimated digit), the coarse scale of a graph, and the sensitivity of instruments. Temperature fluctuations within your environment may also affect your results.

Human errors and mistakes are not acceptable scientific errors. These include: calculator misuse or errors in recording data measurements; misuse of equipment; incorrectly assembled apparatuses.

** INSTRUTIONS OF LAB UNDERNEATH PLUS RESULTS

Procedures: (Include Pictures} Usmg numbered steps. write a steprbyrstep procedure so that someone who is unfamiliar with the lab wouid' be able to conduct the experiment from your description. Be very detailed. lnciude Exercise 1 and 2 Exercise 1: Procedure Length Measurements 1. Gather the metric ruler, CD or DVD, key, spoon, and fork. 2. Look at the calibration marks on your ruler to determine the degree of uncertainty and number of significant figures that can be made when measuring objects with the ruler. Note: Record every measurement you make with this ruler to the same decimal place. Remember to do this any time you use this ruler throughout the experiment. 3. Measure the length ofeach of the following objects (CD or DVD, Key, Spoon, Fork) with the ruler in centimeters (cm) to the correct level of precision and record in Data Table 1 of your Lab Report Assistant. 4. Convert the measurements for each of the objects from centimeters to millimeters and record in Data Table 1. 5. Convert the measurements for each of the objects from millimeters to meters and record in Data Table 1. Temperature Measurements 5. Gather the 100 mL glass beaker, cup (plastic or drinking), matches or lighter, burner stand, burner fuel, thermometer, 2 oz. aluminum cup, and aluminum pie pan. 7. Look at the calibration marks on the thermometer to determine the degree of uncertainty and number of significant figures that can be made when measuring temperature. Note: Record every measurement you make with this thermometer to the same decimal place. Remember to do this any time you use this measuring device throughout the experiment. 8. Turn on the tap water to hot. Let the water run as hot as possible for approximately 15 seconds. 9. Fill the 100 mL glass beaker with approximately 75 mL of hot tap water. 10. Measure the temperature ofthe hot tap water with the thermometer in degrees Celsius {'C) to the correct precision ofthe thermometer. Record the measurement in Data Table 2 of your Lab Report Assistant. 11. Put on safety glasses. 12. Assemble the burner setup and light the fuel, as shown in Figure - Place an aluminum pie plate on a solid work surface away from flammable objects. - Set the burner stand towards the back ofthe pie plate. - Place the beaker on the center of the stand. . Uncap the burner fuel and set cap aside. Place the burner fuel on the pie platejust in front of the stand. - Use matches or a lighter to ignite the fuel. BE CAREFUL- the flame may be nearly invisible. - Gently slide the fuel under the stand without disturbing the beaker. - The small, 2 oz. aluminum cup will be placed over the fuel to extinguish the flame. Set the aluminum cup next to the burner setup so you are ready to extinguish the flame at any point. 13. Allow the water to heat until it comes to a full boil. As soon as the water is boiling fully, measure the temperature with the thermometer in degrees Celsius (\"C], to the correct level of precision. Record the measurement in Data Table 2. l4. Allow the water to continue boiling for approximately 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, measure the temperature with the thermometer in degrees Celsius ('C] to the correct level of precision. Record the measurement in Data Table 2. 15. Use the small, 2 oz. aluminum cup to extinguish the burner fuel flame. See Figure 15. - Do not touch the metal stand or the beaker; they may be hot. - Carefully slide the burnerfuel canister out from underneath the burner stand. The sides of the burner fuel canister will be warm. but not hot. - Place the aluminum cup directly over the flame to smother it. The cup should rest on top of the fuel canister, with little or no smoke escaping. Do not disturb the burner stand and beaker; allow everything to cool completely. - Once all equipment is completely cool, remove the aluminum cup and place the plastic cap back on the fuel. Ensure that the plastic cap \"snaps" into place to prevent fuel leakage and evaporation. The aluminum cup, fuel, and all other materials may be used in future experiments. 15. Allow the 100 mL beaker to cool before touching it. 17. Turn on the tap water to cold. Let the water run as cold as possible for approximately 15 seconds. 18. Fill the cup (plastic or drinking) approximately halffull with cold tap water. 19. Measure the temperature of the cold tap water with the thermometer in degrees Celsius (\"C) to the correct level of precision. Record the measurement in Data Table 2. 20. Add a handful of ice cubes to the cup of cold tap water and allow them to sit in the cold water for approximately 1 minute. 21. After 1 minute stir the ice water with the thermometer. 22. Measure the temperature of the ice water after 1 minute with the thermometer in degrees Celsius (\"Cl to the correct level of precision. Record the measurement in Data Table 2. 23. Allow the ice to remain in the water for an additional 4 minutes. 24. After the additional 4 minutes stir the ice water with the thermometer. 25. Measure the temperature of the ice water after 4 minutes with the thermometer in degrees Celsius (\"Cl to the correct level of precision. Record the measurement in Data Table 2. 26. Convert the temperature measurements for each of the 6 water samples from \"C to \"F and K. Mass Measurements 27. Gather the pen or pencil, 5 pennies, 3 quarters, 4 dimes, and the key. 28. Read the instructions on how to use the digital scale. The lid ofthe scale must be opened to expose its weighing surface and make mass measurements. 29. Turn the scale on by pressing the (WT button. :4 u 30. Make sure the scale is reading in grams by looking for the letter g in the upper right corner ofthe scale. Ifthe \"g\" is not showing then press the \"M\" button until the scale is reading in grams. 31. Review the different object(s) listed in Data Table 3 of your Lab Report Assistant. 32. Estimate the masses for each of the object(s) in grams and record in Data Table 3. To help you with this process, a penny has a mass of approximately 2.5 grams. 33. Tare the scale by pressing the (WT button so that the scale reads 0.0 g. 34. Place the pen or pencil on the scale to measure the mass of the object. Record the mass in Data Table 3 under "Actual Mass (g).\" 35. Repeat steps 33 and 34 for the remaining object(s) in Data Table 3. 35. For each object(s), convert the actual mass (in grams) to kilograms (kg). Record in Data Table 3. Exercise 2: Volume and Density Volume and Density Measurements {Liquid} 1. Gather the graduated cylinder, distilled water, short stem pipet, and isopropyl alcohol. / f 2. Place the clean, dry, 25 mL graduated cylinder on the tared scale. Record the mass ofthe graduated ll _- ' -_ cylinder (g), in Data Table 4 ofyour Lab Report Assistant under (Mass A) column for water. '\\ ' 3. Fill the graduated cylinder with 5.0 mL of distilled water; use the short stem pipet to measure exactly \\\\~.'_ 5.0 mL of water. Record the volume in Data Table 4. 4. Place the 25 mL graduated cylinder with 5.0 mL distilled water on the tared scale. Record the mass of the graduated cylinder + liquid (g) in Data Table 4 under (Mass B). 5. Calculate the mass of the water by subtracting "Mass A\" from "Mass B.\" Record the mass of the water 5. Calculate the mass of the water by subtracting \"Mass A" from \"Mass B.\" Record the mass of the water in Data Table 4. 6. Pour the water down the drain and fully dry the graduated cylinder. 7. Repeat steps 2 through 6 for the isopropyl alcohol. 8. Calculate the densities of both the water and the isopropyl alcohol and record in Data Table 4. 9. The accepted value for the density of water is 1.00 g/mL and the accepted density for isopropyl alcohol is 0.786 g/mL. Determine the percent error between your calculated densities and the accepted values for both water and isopropyl alcohol. Record the percent error in Data Table 4. Volume and Density Measurements (Solid) 10. Gather the metal bolt, string, magnet, graduated cylinder, beaker, metric ruler, and scale. Direct Measurement Method 11. Tare the scale by pressing the (WT button so that the scale reads 0.0 g. 12. Place the magnet on the scale to measure the mass of the object. Record the mass in Data Table 5 of you r La b Report Assistant. 13. Use the ruler to measure the length, width, and height ofthe magnet in centimeters to the correct level of precision. Record the measurements in Data Table 5. 14. Calculate the volume of the magnet by multiplying the length x width x height, and record in Data Table 5. 15. Calculate the density of the magnet by dividing the mass by the volume and record in Data Table 5. Water Displacement Method 16. Tare the scale by pressing the (WT button so that the scale reads 0.0 g. 17. Place the magnet on the scale to measure the mass of the object. Record the mass in Data Table 6 of your Lab Report Assistant. 18. Fill the graduated cylinder with 6 - 8 mL of distilled water. Record the volume, to the correct decimal place, in Data Table 6. 19. Carefully slide the magnet into the graduated cylinder so that the water doesn't splash and read the volume of the graduated cylinder. Record the volume in Data Table 6. next to \"Final volume of graduated cylinder.\" 20. Determine the volume of the object, by calculating the difference in water displacement volumes (final initial]. Record in Data Table 6. 21. Calculate the density of the magnet and record in Data Table 6. 22. Carefully pour the water from the cylinder down the drain and collect the magnet. 23. Repeat steps 16 through 22 for the metal bolt. Archimedes' Method 24. Tare the scale by pressing the (D/T button so that the scale reads 0.0 g. 25. Place the metal bolt on the scale to measure the mass of the object. Record the mass in Data Table 7 of your Lab Report Assistant. 26. Attach the end of the string to the metal bolt, by tying the string to the bolt. See Figure 16. 27. Fill the glass beaker approximately 3/3 full with distilled water and place the beaker on the scale. 28. Tare the scale by pressing the (WT button so that the scale reads 0.0 3. Refer to Figure 11 for questions. 29. Holding onto the string, submerge the bolt into the water so that the bolt is fully submerged, but not touching any part of the glass beaker. Record the mass reading from the scale and record in Data Table 7 under "Mass of Displaced Water." 30. Convert the mass of displaced water to volume ofdisplaced water, assuming the density of water is 1.00 g/mL. Record in Data Table 7, under \"Volume of Displaced Water." 31. Calculate the density of the metal bolt and record in Data Table 7. 29. Holding onto the string, submerge the bolt into the water so that the bolt is fully submerged, but not touching any part of the glass beaker. Record the mass reading from the scale and record in Data Table 7 under "Mass of Displaced Water." 30. Convert the mass of displaced water to volume ofdisplaced waterr assuming the density of water is 9 1.00 g/mL. Record in Data Table 7, under \"Volume of Displaced Water." I 31. Calculate the density of the metal bolt and record in Data Table 7. 32. Repeat steps 24 through 31 for the magnet