- Essential Elements of a Crime -Actus reus usually depends on proof of a voluntary act or an omission. Mens rea is also required for criminal liability.

Scenario 1:Alphonso believed that Francine, a work colleague had stolen his wallet. Alphonso saw Francine at the local supermarket, approached her and said, 'lying thief'. Alphonso aims a punch at her head, but Francine dodges out of the way and Alphonso hits Vidal who was standing behind Francine. Vidal's injury is not serious, but he needs stitches. On his way home Vidal trips up a kerb opening his wounds further, making the bleeding worse. Susan Vidal's neighbour sees Vidal on the floor in pain but rushes past as she is late for work. Vidal is later discovered there by his wife Norma who calls the ambulance. Vidal refuses to give consent to being given an emergency blood transfusion because of his religious beliefs and dies.

• Definition the rules on causation in respect of alphonso
• Definition the egg shell skull rule in respect of alphonso
• A discussion whether alphonso is criminally liable for vidals death
• Citation of examples for support the explanation
• Citations of legal authority for support the explanation
• Explanation of how the actions of adefendant can constitute the actus reus of a crime
• Explanation of how the omissions of adefendant can constitute the actus reus of a crime
• Explanation of the principles relating to novus actus interveniens rule citing legal authority in support of the explanations.
• Explanation of the principles relating tothe 'egg shell skull' ruleciting legal authority in support of the explanations.

include references