Esther John Timothy Ruth Daniel Potential outcome 4 3 2 4 5 if not treated: Yoi Potential outcome 4 5 4 5 5 if treated: Y1i Treated No Yes Yes No No Observed health outcome Treatment effect 1. Based on the information given, fill your answers in the blanks of Table 1 (imaginary table!) for a group of five individuals. Note that health outcome is measured by an index 1-5, where 1-poor and 5=excellent. 2. What is the average treatment effect among individuals who are treated? 3. Calculate the difference in group means between the treatment and control groups. Is this a measure of average causal treatment effects? Why or why not? 4. Calculate selection bias in the prior measure (difference in group means between the treatment and control groups). 5. Using only data on actual health outcomes, how could we eliminate selection bias? (Assume we can do whatever we want, and can collect health outcomes on more individuals if desired.)