Estimate the effect of the offset of the op-amp used in the hybrid DAC of Fig. 3.31. The resistive divider comprises of 32 unity resistance while the flip around capacitive MDAC converts 5-bit. Assuming the offset is equal to 3.4 LSB derive the input-output transfer characteristics.

VRef PRL VAG Vout 2 - 2 2 - 1 | TODAC PDAC VAG ADAC PDAC LSB MSB top bottom Figure 3.31. Hybrid architecture made by a Kelvin divider followed by a flip-around MDAC. VRef PRL VAG Vout 2 - 2 2 - 1 | TODAC PDAC VAG ADAC PDAC LSB MSB top bottom Figure 3.31. Hybrid architecture made by a Kelvin divider followed by a flip-around MDAC