Ethernet $1000$BASE$-$T $($Gigabit Ethernet$)$ is currently the state$-$of$-$the$-$art in residential

computer connections $($transmission lines$).$ Category $5$e $($Cat$5$e $=$ enhanced Cat$5)$ cables, as

shown below, can transport up to $1$ Gbps of digital data over lengths up to $100$ meters. Cat$5$e

cables typically consist of four twisted pairs of color$-$coded wires. Each twisted pair consists

of two balanced $24$ AWG $($American Wire Gauge $24$ diameter $=0\mathrm{.}5106$ mm$)$ wires made

of copper $($Cu$).$ The PVC insulator around the individual wires and spacing $$ is manufactured

to create a characteristic impedance of $=100\backslash$Omega and a signal that propagates at $0\mathrm{.}64$ times

the speed of light in free space $(=0\mathrm{.}64)$