Even in cases where there are laws that provide protection from discrimination in employment on the basis of a protected characteristic, there are sometimes exceptions permitted. Which of the following, if any, is$/$are examples of this

a$.$Title VII is applicable only to employers who have $15$ or more employers. This means that the same law that forbids discrimination on the basis of sex by an employer who has $15$ or more employees doesn't forbid such discrimination by an employer who has less than $15$ employees.

b$.$Title VII allows discrimination on the basis of religion, national or sex in cases where such characteristics are considered to be a "Bona Fide Occupational Qualification" $($BFOQ$).$ For example, a Baptist church can decline to hire a rabbi as its pastor based on the fact that the rabbi is not a Baptist.

c$.$ The Age Discrimination in Employment Act only protects people who are $40$ or over from discrimination in employment based on their age...so it doesn't protect people under $40$ from discrimination based on their age..