Examine the air$-$fuel mixture preparation in a four$-$stroke internal combustion engine for a small, fuel$-$ efficient vehicle $($can be hybrid Vehicle$).$ The objective is to maximize combustion efficiency while minimizing fuel consumption and harmful emissions to meet sustainability goals, given the specifications of the internal combustion engine and the fuel properties, perform a detailed set of calculations and analyses to optimize the air$-$fuel mixture for combustion efficiency. Consider the following parameters:

a$)$ Air$-$Fuel Ratio $($AFR$)$:

Calculate the current AFR based on the existing fuel injection system.

Propose adjustments to achieve the stoichiometric AFR for optimal combustion.

b$)$ Combustion Efficiency:

Calculate the combustion efficiency of the engine based on the heat release and heat transfer characteristics

Identify factors affecting combustion efficiency and propose changes to enhance it$.$

c$)$ Emission Reduction:

Estimate the current emission levels $($NOx$,$ COx, and unburned hydrocarbons$)$ based on the existing combustion conditions.$($CLO$\_3)$: $($Cognitive Level C$4,$ i$.$e$.,$ Analyzing$)($PLO$\_7,$ i$.$e$.,$ Environment & Sustainability$)$

Question # $01$

Examine the air$-$fuel mixture preparation in a four$-$stroke internal combustion engine for a small, fuel$-$

efficient vehicle $($can be hybrid Vehicle$).$ The objective is to maximize combustion efficiency while

minimizing fuel consumption and harmful emissions to meet sustainability goals, given the specifications

of the internal combustion engine and the fuel properties, perform a detailed set of calculations and

analyses to optimize the air$-$fuel mixture for combustion efficiency. Consider the following parameters:

a$)$ Air$-$Fuel Ratio $($AFR$)$:

Calculate the current AFR based on the existing fuel injection system.

Propose adjustments to achieve the stoichiometric AFR for optimal combustion.

b$)$ Combustion Efficiency:

Calculate the combustion efficiency of the engine based on the heat release and heat transfer

characteristics

Identify factors affecting combustion efficiency and propose changes to enhance it$.$

c$)$ Emission Reduction:

Estimate the current emission levels $($NOx$,$ COx, and unburned hydrocarbons$)$ based on the existing

combustion conditions.

Reg. #: $\_$

Section:

Name:

Department:

Program:

Propose changes in the combustion process to reduce emissions while maintaining optimal combustion

efficiency.

d$)$ Energy Content of Fuel:

Calculate the energy content of the current fuel used in the engine.

Investigate alternative fuels with higher energy content and assess their impact on engine efficiency

and emissions.

e$)$ Fuel Consumption:

Calculate the current fuel consumption rate of the engine.

Propose adjustments to the air$-$fuel mixture or other parameters to achieve a reduction in fuel

consumption while maintaining performance