Excercise in R

You genotype three populations of grasshoppers along a north south transect across the European Alps. Near Munich, Germany, north of the Alps you sample 120 individuals; near Innsbruck, Austria, within the Alps you sample 122 individuals; near Verona, Italy, south of the Alps you sample 118 individuals. you find the following number of each genotype:

• Munich: 6 (a1a1), 33 (a1a2), 81 (a2a2)
• Innsbruck: 20 (a1a1), 59 (a1a2), 43 (a2a2)
• Verona: 65 (a1a1), 39 (a1a2), 14 (a2a2)

A) You want to model what will happen to the grashoppers' alleles over time, assuming no other forces than genetic drift are changing allele frequencies. Using the for-loop from the tutorial as a starting point, simulate drift over 2000 generations for each of the three populations in the previous exercise. Make sure that theN and initialp match those of the populations. You should make 3 simulations in total, and plot your results.

B) How does the initial p alter the outcome of the simulations? Which population is more likely to go to fixation for either allele?