Explain briefly how the US IS curve is likely to be affected in the short-run by each of the following:

a) High energy prices following the Ukraine war are pushing Europe into a deep recession.

b) Mortgage lenders raise interest rates in response to an increase in the FED's policy rate.

c) The government decides to reduce the size of its armed forces from 85,000 to 55,000.

d) There is a pandemic and house prices rise much faster than anticipated.

e) The long-run interest rate rises.