explain: (i) the hypotheses with a plausible definition of p or , (ii) whether or not the data indicate practical significance (use common sense and/or general knowledge), and (iii) whether or not the data indicate statistical significance.

A) With the standard chemotherapy treatment, the five-year survival rate for cancer of the blood is 19%. A new drug has been developed which will, it is anticipated, increase the five-year survival rate for this type of cancer when used in conjunction with the standard chemotherapy. In a large scale clinical trial, 19.3% of patients with cancer of the blood who were treated with the new drug (and the chemotherapy) survived beyond five years. The p-value for the one-sample Z test was reported as 0.19.

B) With the standard treatment for incurable abdominal cancer the mean survival time is 46.6 months from the date of diagnosis. A new experimental treatment that it is hoped will increase the average survival time was tested on 280 patients. The average survival time in the trial was 47.1 months. The corresponding p-value was 0.183.