Explore the theoretical principles of reaction engineering for the design and optimization of heterogeneous catalytic processes. Discuss the mechanisms of catalysis, including adsorption, surface reactions, and desorption phenomena, and their influence on reaction kinetics and selectivity. How do factors such as catalyst structure, composition, and active sites affect the overall catalytic activity and stability of the system? Evaluate the engineering strategies for enhancing catalyst performance and catalyst deactivation mitigation in industrial catalytic reactors for applications such as petroleum refining, petrochemicals, and environmental remediation.