Financial Statements The focus on financial statements in finance is how managers and investors interpret and use them. A firms annual report contains both verbal and quantitative information. The quantitative information consists of four financial statements: (1) Balance Sheet, (2) Income Statement, (3) Statement of Cash Flows, and (4) Statement of Stockholders' Equity. The balance sheet shows the firm's assets and claims against those assets. In other words, assets are equal to liabilities and equity. Assets are shown in order of their and claims are listed in the order of when they must be paid. Current assets include cash and their equivalents, accounts , and inventory, while long-term assets are those whose useful lives exceed one year. Liabilities are divided into and long-term debt. We differentiate between total debt and total liabilities. A company's total debt includes both its short-term and long-term liabilities. Total liabilities equal plus the company's "free" liabilities. is the difference between current assets and current liabilities, while is equal to current assets less the difference between current liabilities and notes payable. is capital supplied by common stockholders and represents ownership. The income statement reports on operations over a period of time. Companies' operating performances can be compared by looking at each firm's EBIT, often referred to as . A typical stockholder focuses on the bottom line of the income statement, . The income statement is tied to the through the retained earnings account. Net income minus paid is equal to the retained earnings for the year, and this amount is added to the cumulative retained earnings from prior years to obtain the year-end retained earnings balance. Management's goal is to maximize the firm's stock price. The value of any asset, including a share of stock, is based on the the asset is expected to produce. Therefore, managers strive to maximize the available to investors. The statement of cash flows shows how much a firm is generating. It is divided into four parts: (1) Operating activities, (2) Long-Term Investing activities, (3) Financing activities, and (4) Summary. Changes in stockholders' equity during an accounting period are reported in the statement of stockholders' equity. Changes in stockholders' equity can come from new stock issues, stock repurchases, net income, and paid. Quantitative Problem: Rosnan Industries' 2013 and 2012 balance sheets and income statements are shown below. Balance Sheets: 2013 2012 Cash and equivalents $70 $55 Accounts receivable 275 300 Inventories 375 350 Total current assets $720 $705 Net plant and equipment 2,000 1,490 Total assets $2,720 $2,195 Accounts payable $150 $85 Accruals 75 50 Notes payable 120 145 Total current liabilities $345 $280 Long-term debt 450 290 Common stock 1,225 1,225 Retained earnings 700 400 Total liabilities and equity $2,720 $2,195 Income Statements: 2013 2012 Sales $2,000 $1,500 Operating costs excluding depreciation 1,250 1,000 EBITDA $750 $500 Depreciation and amortization 100 75 EBIT $650 $425 Interest 62 45 EBT $588 $380 Taxes (40%) 235 152 Net income $353 $228 Dividends paid $53 $48 Addition to retained earnings $300 $180 Shares outstanding 100 100 Price $25.00 $22.50 WACC 10.00% The balance in the firm's cash and equivalents account is needed for operations and is not considered "excess" cash. What is Rosnan's 2013 net operating working capital (NOWC)? $ What is Rosnan's 2013 net working capital (NWC)? $