Following its near bankruptcy in $1922,$ General Motors pioneered the decentralized management structure in which the firm was reorganized into semi$-$independent profit centers. Vice$-$presidents were appointed to manage these profit centers and were told that their bonuses would depend on the profitability of their division. This reorganization was designed to

a$.$ reduce management costs

b$.$ better capture economies of scale

c$.$ create a more centralized management system

d$.$ decentralize decision making

e$.$ put managerial compensation on a "piece rate" basis