Foodstuff is sourced from anywhere, including very distant places, thanks to modern long$-$distance trade networks. The preparing, preserving, and cooking is done in factories and industrial plants for large$-$scale commercial distribution, using machinery and chemical additives. The process is broken down into a sequence of elementary operations, and the operations are automated by means of machines, or carried out by different workers, or combinations of workers and machines performing $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$ on large quantities of material or large numbers of units. $1.$ the same operations repetitively $2.$ blending $3.$ chemical reactions $4.$ sterilization $5.$ reduction