For each of the following actions, identify whether the method of risk assessment motivating the action is due to the value at risk or the standard deviation of an underlying probability distribution.

a$.$ You buy life insurance.

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b$.$ A lawn service adds outdoor holiday decorating to increase revenue during the winter months.

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c$.$ In your role as a central banker, you provide emergency loans to illiquid intermediaries.

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d$.$ The two owners of a firm choose to take separate flights to a business conference in Asia.

$($Click to select$)$