From the case study below identify an example of mitigation methods for each of the following,

Transfer

eliminate

Accept

Reduce

Share

And apply ALARP to the whole case study

Case Study

Background

Moving the capital from the ancient port city on the coast to a more centralised location was difficult but necessary in order to have a city that was future-equipped for, and reflected, the needs of a forward-looking capital fit to serve the country into the middle of the 21^st century and which would be, very ambitiously, carbon-neutral by 2030.

The Central Station

One of the first major infrastructure projects to be completed was "The Central", a very grand and modern rail hub from which would eventually fan out high-speed electric and maglev rail links to all parts of the country.

At present, only one high-speed line is fully operational. This connects the new capital to the airport and then on to the former coastal capital. However, the network of numerous additional metro trains serving the new capital's business and residential areas is 50% operational and already 180,000 passengers transit the station every day. This is anticipated to rise by 70% annually for at least the forthcoming five years. 80% of the users of "The Central" are nationals. Business visitors and tourists typically make up the other 20%.

The level of automation at the station is impressive and, rail power aside, the station itself is a model of carbon neutrality, powered by solar and wind energy alone. The facility has a photovoltaic system and a geothermal system heats and cools the building, while solar thermal systems produce hot water. The roof construction allows the building to harvest rainwater for the toilet facilities and a special lighting model makes best use of both natural light and energy-saving LED light technology. The facility has state-of-the-art IT. For example, all data is automatically processed and stored in the Cloud with local redundancy and contingency and a mirrored site. All runs over high speed fiber with 4G (planned 5G) backup as contingency.

Facilities

The station concourse is home to a number of concessions (cafs, farmers' pop-up markets, locally-sourced "street food" pop-up stalls, mobile phone store, computer accessories store etc.) and two ATMs. There are ticket/enquiry offices on the concourse but most ticket sales are via online apps, using a simple tap in/tap out at the ticket barriers with a credit card or mobile phone NFC, or from ticket machines.

Risk and Crime Overview

At national level, there is a persistent terrorism threat from insurgents who are seeking to secede (split away) and form an independent state in the north of the country. Their primary tactics have been assassinations and arson, but intelligence reports indicate that they have been trying to develop the capability to produce VBIEDs (vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices) and there is some pressure within the ruling council of the insurgent group to target areas of tourism and commerce in order to bring international attention to their cause.

At a more local level, the new station has attracted several kinds of criminality, including pick pockets, robbers (mobile phones, valuables and laptops), scammers offering fake taxi services, fake SIM cards, fake excursions, misleading car hire, fraudulent currency exchange etc.

Security Measures

There is a police office on site but most of the patrolling and surveillance is undertaken by a privately contracted security firm, which also provides CVIT services to the railway company and concession vendors. The security team patrol on foot but have a QRF contingent that can respond rapidly on bicycles or electric quad bikes if necessary.

National law allows members of the contract security company to detain criminals using minimum necessary force as long as there is strong visual evidence (eye witness, CCTV etc.) that the detainee is a perpetrator of a criminal act or an act prohibited under the bylaws of the station (e.g. carrying of weapons). They have no power of search nor can they detain on suspicion that a person is about to commit a criminal act.

Consideration has been given to the installation of hostile vehicle barriers to mitigate against VBIED concerns, but as there isn't specific intelligence on a credible threat no action has been taken.

The national facial recognition programme, currently being rolled out, is 100% operational at the station. The plan is to have every national on the database by 2025. As a matter of course, overseas travellers are automatically enrolled as they enter the country. As a matter of urgency the low-level criminals who operate on the station concourse are in the process of being logged and entered into the system so that if they enter the station the system will alarm and they can be removed, or arrested, before they have come into contact with the public. Trials so far have indicated a near 100% success as word spreads within the criminal community.

The station is a model for CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design), the elements of which are embedded in almost all of the design considerations.