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4. Temperature as a limiting factor: "The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a carnivorous bear whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. Although most polar bears are born on land, they spend most of their time at sea. Their scientific name means "maritime bear", and derives from this fact. Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present. Due to warming air temperatures, ice-floe breakup in western Hudson Bay is currently occurring three weeks earlier than it did 30 years ago, reducing the duration of the polar bear feeding season. The body condition of polar bears has declined during this period. Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22% In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females. [Females raise cubs on their own and avoid males. who therefore occupy the best hunting habitat). In recent years, polar bears in the Arctic have undertaken longer than usual swims to find prey, resulting in four recorded drownings in the unusually large ice pack regression of 2005." Wikipedia 2013 a. "The stated purpose of the Endangered Species Act is to protect species and also the ecosystems upon which they depend." Why might listing polar bears as a Threatened Species under the Endangered Species Act have been problematic when it came to enforcing the necessary protection from this Act? (6 points) b. Based on your knowledge of temperature as a factor that limits distributions, suggest how you might design a study to predict how climate change might influence distribution and abundance of polar bears throughout Alaska and arctic Canada. Include sufficient detail about how you might do the study (list the variables to measure and any experimental manipulations); address multiple aims/hypotheses; consider the three factors necessary for a study to show that temperature limits the distribution of an organism.(18 points) c. There is pressure on the government to ban indigenous communities ughout their US