Furthermore, the mechanization of coal mining operations engendered a fundamental restructuring of work schedules, ushering in the adoption of shift systems and further institutionalizing clock watching in industrial settings. The synchronization of work hours, as expounded in Murphy's analysis of coal mining practices, facilitated round-the-clock production and optimized resource utilization (Murphy, 2017). However, this industrial imperative came at the expense of workers' well-being, as laborers grappled with grueling work schedules and hazardous working conditions