Gardner Company produces plastic that is used for injection-molding applications such as gears for small motors. In 2013, the first year of operations, Gardner produced 4,000 tons of plastic and sold 2,500 tons. In 2014, the production and sales results were exactly reversed. In each year, the selling price per ton was $2,000, variable manufacturing costs were 15% of the sales price of units produced, variable selling expenses were 10% of the selling price of units sold, fixed manufacturing costs were $2,000,000, and fixed administrative expenses were $500,000.

a) Prepare income statements for each year using variable costing.

b) Prepare income statements for each year using absortion costing.

c) Reconcile the differences each year in net income under the two costing approaches

d) Comment on the effects of production and sales on net income under the two costing approaches.

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b