Geography 153A (Summer 2015) Instructor: Bae | TA: Phillips Exam 1 Study Guide This study guide lists many of the concepts covered in Exam 1, but is not exhaustive. It is meant to help structure your preparation for the exam on Thursday, July 9th from 11:00am-12:05pm. The exam consists of 40 multiple choice questions (2 points each) and 5 short answer questions (4 points each). Bring a pink Parscore sheet with you on exam day to answer the multiple choice questions. Your short answer responses should be about 1-2 sentences in length and will be written on the exam itself, so no need for a blue book. INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIORAL GEOGRAPHY From lecture 1 Why might \"behavioral\" geography be a misnomer? Name the four main characteristics of the behavioral approach to geography. What is bidirectional causality? What is meant by a disaggregate approach to studying human spatial behavior? Describe the three ideas that the behavioral approach to geography is in opposition to, and how the behavioral approach contrasts with each: What is environmental determinism? How does behavioral geography respond to the assumption of economically rational behavior? What is social physics, and what is the assumption of the isotropic plane? HISTORICAL BACKGROUND From lecture 2 and assigned reading(s) Know the historical antecedents of behavioral geography. Exact years are not important, but know generally how earlier thinkers have had influence on later thinkers. Gulliver (1908) - orientation of maps Trowbridge (1913) - imaginary maps White (1945) - flood perception and hazards Wright (1947) - geosophy Kirk (1952) - behavioral environment Simon (1952) - satisficing and bounded rationality Boulding (1956) - the \"image\" Describe important theories introduced in behavioral geography with its emergence as a subfield of geography in the 1960s. Lynch (1960) - \"image of the city\" Lowenthal (1961) - \"geography, experience, and imagination\" Wolpert (1964) - testing Simon's ideas Saarinen (1966) - hazard studies at Chicago (drought) Discuss historical links between the disciplines of geography and psychology, focusing particularly on the 1950s and 1960s. Compare a scientific (positivist) approach to behavioral geography with a humanist approach to behavioral geography. Name theories or research studies that helped define the positivist approach. ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION AND COGNITION From Lecture 3 and assigned reading(s) What is sensation? How is it different than perception? How might we say that some geographers misuse \"perception\"? What is included in the concept of affect? Give examples of how affect may change or influence one's behavior. How is behavior defined? Define ontogenesis, microgenesis, ethnogenesis, and phylogenesis. What is cognition? Describe characteristics of declarative and non-declarative knowledge, and give an example of each. How is knowledge stored as internal representations in working memory? In long-term memory? Explain the two theories of how categories are coded in long-term memory: exemplar theory vs. prototype theory. Why is Tolman's work with rats notable in the study of human cognition? What are Lynch's five classes of city elements? What is the significance of these elements? What are characteristics of the cognitive map, as summarized in the reading by Downs & Stea? Where do cognitive maps come from, what do they consist of, and what are they like? What are some distortions people have in their cognitive maps? ENVIRONMENTAL LEARNING AND NAVIGATION From Lecture 4 and assigned reading(s) Describe Piaget's stage theory of cognitive development and the fundamental changes that occur in each of the four stages: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Distinguish between the common frames of reference for environmental knowledge: egocentric, concrete/fixed allocentric, and abstract allocentric. What is Siegel & White's dominant framework of microgenesis and how does it relate to Piaget's theory of ontogenesis? How does Montello's alternative framework of microgenesis differ from Siegel & White's dominant framework? Was this supported by the Ishikawa & Montello (2006) study? Be able to describe the two components of navigation? Is it possible to locomote without navigating? What are causes of differences in people's ability to orient themselves? What is disorientation? Name strategies people can use to stay oriented. Describe characteristics of computational approaches to study navigation. SPATIAL CHOICE AND DECISION-MAKING From lecture 5, lecture 6, and assigned reading(s) Distinguish between these decision-making terms: decisions, choices, alternatives, and preferences. How are deliberate (explicit) and habitual (implicit) choices different? What is the decision-making unit in behavioral geography? What is the set size of alternatives in decision-making? Why are stated preferences not entirely reliable? How is utility defined? How does expected utility extend the concept of utility? What is certainty? What is the difference between risk and uncertainty? What are the assumptions of traditional normative (prescriptive) approaches to decision-making, such as those presented by von Thnen, Weber, and Christaller? What are the characteristics of descriptive approaches to decision-making? Briefly describe discrete choice models and decompositional multiattribute preference models of decision-making. MIGRATION From lecture 7, lecture 8, and assigned reading(s) What are the two requirements that define a migration? Distinguish between partial displacement migration and total displacement migration. Describe these approaches to the study of the migration decision process: social physics, economic rationality, and behavioral geography. Which types of relocation would represent the two poles along the voluntary-involuntary continuum of migration? Give examples of constraints on a voluntary migration decision. Explain what is meant by the idea that the migration choice process is hierarchical. How does ex post facto rationalization relate to survey response? What is residential stress? What are the overall migration trends mentioned in the Dieleman reading (2001)? How does migration relate to life cycle stages? To housing size or tenure? What are common motivations for residential relocation? Which common life cycle changes are associated with migration? Once a household has made the decision to migrate, what is the general search process that follows? Which sources do people use to gather information in the migration search process? Describe the two models presented by Huff about where households search. What is meant by \"intensity of search\"? TIME GEOGRAPHY & TRAVEL BEHAVIOR From lecture 9, lecture 10, and assigned reading(s) Explain the three approaches to the time dimension in geography: time budget analysis, activity sequencing, and time geography (Lund school). What are awareness spaces? What accounts for individualized awareness spaces? Describe time budgets and time preferences. What activity attributes do time use surveys collect? How do activity spaces differ from awareness spaces? What is the focus of space-time data? Explain the methods used in this type of data collection. Understand methods of representing time geography data: space-time paths and prisms. Distinguish between the types of constraints presented by Hgerstrand in his discussion of spacetime prisms. Understand methods of visualizing activity space data in travel behavior research: minimum convex polygons and standard deviational ellipses. How do information and communication technologies (ICT) impact travel behavior? What do substitution and complementarity refer to in this context? Exam Study Guide Test Instructions *Please bring a blue book and something to write with to the exam* There will be two sections to the exam: Section 1, Short Answer: For this section you will be given a choice of several key concepts or theorists that we have covered in class. Examples might be "Immanuel Wallerstein," "Urbanization," or "Capitalism." In no more than a paragraph you will need to define the term and explain its importance to the study of globalization. For theorists, you will need to briefly describe which theoretical perspective they belong to, and the main focus of their work. A sample answer might be: Slum A slum is an urban area characterized by overcrowding, poor or informal housing, inadequate access to safe water and sanitation, and insecurity of tenure. Often the result of increased levels of urbanization without adequate access to employment and infrastructural support, slums are now increasingly prevalent in the developing world, though they can also be found in developed economies. Mike Davis attributes the growth of slums to the devastating effects of modern global capitalism and argues that the policies of international organizations such as the IMF and World Bank are particularly complicit in their growth and spread. Section 2, Essay: For this section you will be given a choice of two essay prompts. You will need to answer one of them, in as complete and thorough a manner as possible. Your answer should come in essay format and should include references to and evidence from the course readings and lectures. Since this is a closed-book test, direct quotes aren't necessary, but the best papers will be able to discuss material from both lecture and the readings in detail. These questions will largely be comparative in nature, asking you to draw conclusions based on your reading of multiple works. You will also be asked to think critically and give your own interpretation on some of the key issues we have discussed throughout the class. Review Sheet: Below are a series of topics and questions about the course material we have covered so far. They are not in the same format as the questions we will ask on the test, but they comprehensively cover the material. If you are able to answer these questions and speak intelligently about the various topics listed below, you should be well prepared for the exam on Wednesday. Study Guide Definitions What is globalization? How would you define it in your own words? How have some of the scholars we've read defined it? Theories of Globalization Know the ideas behind and basics of the theories of globalization we have discussed: Modernization Theory Dependency Theory World-Systems Theory Theories of Global Capitalism Network Theories Cultural Theories Dating Globalization In your opinion, when did globalization first begin? Why? If you believe it was ancient, how do you explain changes in modernity? If you believe it is entirely modern, how do you explain ancient interconnections? What time periods have scholars put forward as the start date for globalization? Potential Start Dates (in reverse order): Late Modernity (1970s on) Mid 19th century 15th and 16th centuries Archaic Pre-historic (discovery of fire, migration out of Africa, etc.) Why have scholars advanced these particular dates? What happened in each that could plausibly be defined as 'globalization'? Capitalism What is capitalism? How do we define it and why has it had such a powerful effect on the modern world? Who was Karl Marx? What did he have to tell us about capitalism? About globalization? Following both Marx and Centeno and Cohen, describe the history and development of capitalism What role did the industrial revolution play in the rise of globalization? Why do Centeno and Cohen believe that we cannot speak of a 'truly' global capitalist system until the last 40 years or so? What happened leading up to and during those 40 years to spur on globalization? What is so new and different about the last 40 years? How are globalization and capitalism connected? Why have many scholars seen globalization as a byproduct of the capitalist economic system? What are Core/Semi-Periphery/Periphery states and what roles do the play in the global economic system? Global Inequality What is urbanization and how can it be related to globalization? What separates modern waves of urbanization from earlier ones? What is a slum? How does modern urbanization and globalization lead to economic inequality? How does urbanization occur? Migration, spread of cities, urbanization in situ Why has modern urbanization been problematic? What is the difference between "push" and "pull" factors when it comes to urbanization? What are factors that often push people into cities? How have states responded to these crises? *Note: The following will be covered in lecture on Monday and Tuesday* Intergovernmental, Multinational, and Nongovernmental Organizations What is the difference between intergovernmental, international nongovernmental, and multinational organizations? Be able to define them and name some of each. How are these types of organizations related to globalization? Both as consequences of and drivers of globalizing processes Know the approximate function of the following: IMF World Bank EU UN NAFTA NATO What are multinational corporations and how are they involved with globalization? States and Nations in a Global World What is a state? What is a nation? What is sovereignty? How has globalization impacted the role of nation-states? How has globalization caused us to rethink levels of analysis and objects of sociological study? Is the nation-state doomed