Give an example of how researcher bias can occur in both qualitative and quantitative studies. Discuss how to prevent each example from occurring.

Bias in qualitative studies: There is researcher bias in qualitative research (Shah, 2019). There are several biases within this bias that researchers should try to avoid, such as:

• First, confirmation bias is one of the participant biases, which occurs when the researcher interprets the data to support their hypothesis (Shah, 2019).
  • To avoid this bias, the researcher should use neutral analysis on all data collected while reevaluating their impressions and responses to their data (Shah, 2019).
• Second, question-order bias occurs when the questions influence the responses (Shah, 2019).
  • In order to avoid this bias, ask general questions first, followed by specific/sensitive questions (Shah, 2019).
• Finally, leading questions and wording bias occurs when questions direct subjects toward a more favorable answer that may support the researcher's hypothesis and produce biased answers (Shah, 2019).
  • To avoid this bias, researchers should phrase questions differently and avoid words or phrases that may lead the subject to believe a particular answer is correct (Shah, 2019).

Bisas in quantitative studies: Design bias is an example of research bias in quantitative studies (Shuttleworth, 2009).

• The researcher's methods or processes influence the outcomes or findings; this bias can occur during the study or data analysis (Shuttleworth, 2009).
  • This bias can be avoided by being aware of the biases before conducting the study and addressing the apparent biases with the data collected after the study is completed (Shah, 2019).

How would counselor biases, leading words, assumptions, world view change the psychotherapy direction? How do we review our work to assure we are learning our beliefs, thoughts, out of psychotherapy?