Give brief essay on given slides.

Fuel switching lea Industry sector energy demand by fuel 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 2020 2030 2040 2050 Coal Coal with CCUS Oil Natural gas Natural gas with CCUS Electricity Electricity for hydrogen Heat (imported) Bioenergy and waste Other renewables Hydrogen (imported) Direct CO, emissions from the industry sector decline by 95% in the NZE. Fossil fuel use in industry is halved by 2050, replaced primarily by electricity and bioenergyTracking Clean Energy Progress 2022 lea Cross-cutting Energy system overview Technology deep dives Infrastructure deep dives Energy efficiency Bioenergy Innovation Direct air capture . CO, transport & storage Behavioural changes Hydrogen Digitalisation Bioenergy with carbon capture & storage Data centres & transmission networks Electrification O Carbon capture & International collaboration . CO, capture & utilisation District heating Renewables storage Electrolysers Electricity . Oil & natural gas supply . Low-emission fuel supply Subsectors Technology deep dives Infrastructure deep dives Subsectors Subsectors O Renewable . Coal-fired electricity Hydro Grid-scale storage Methane emissions from oil and . Hydrogen supply electricity O Gas-fired electricity Nuclear .Smart grids gas operations Biofuels supply Solar PV Demand response Flaring Wind . Transport . Industry . Buildings Subsectors Technology deep dive Subsectors Subsectors Technology deep dives Cars and vans . Electric vehicles O Steel O Aluminium O Heating . Buildings envelope Trucks and buses Chemicals Paper Space cooling Heat pumps Rail Cement Light industry Lighting O Aviation O Appliance & equipment International shippingAddressing CO2 emissions from heavy industry (iron and steel, lea cement and chemicals) Global CO2 emissions reductions in heavy industry by mitigation measure and technology maturity category in the NZE Mitigation measures Maturity of measures Activity 8 Measure Gt CO2 +39% CCUS Energy efficiency 6 Other fuel shifts Electrification -95% Other renewables 4 Bioenergy Hydrogen Material efficiency 2 Maturity Prototype Demonstration Market uptake 2020 2050 2020 2050 Mature An array of measures reduces emissions in heavy industry, with innovative technologies like CCUS and hydrogen playing a critical roleSteel production map lea Raw material production Ironmaking Steelmaking Global crude steel production 2019 1 869 Mt Coal* Coke Basic oven Blast oxygen furnace fumace Open-hearth fumace Electric 0.3% furnace 28% Sinter Electric plant furnace Primary Production Pellet DRI Iron ore plant furnace Basic Open- oxygen furnace hearth 72% furnace Scrap input Smelting 32% reduction furnace Lime fluxes Iron input 68% Collection Electric Secondary Production Scrap furnace and sorting IEA 2020. All rights reserved. 33:13Industrial emissions are hard to get rid of - demand lea GDP, Population, and industrial good production by year (indexed to 2000) 400 -GDP Index: 2000=100 -Population 300 O o Steel .. . 200 -Cement Aluminium 100 -Pulp and paper -Chemicals 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2021 2030Innovative methods for steel production lea Co2 Iron ore Blast furnace Coal Basic oxygen furnace Direct Iron ore reduced Hydrogen iron furnace Electric furnace Scrap There are multiple pathways to net-zero production for steelBe the change what you can do leCl In your personal life: reduce, re-use, recycle it makes a difference in reducing the amount of virgin industrial good production In your professional life: think about new ways of doing things to reduce emissions where does this product come from? Can we use less? In your political life: Stay involved and informed. Net-zero won't happen without public support Setting near-term milestones will pave the way to long-term targets lea Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Buildings 35 Gt CO- 30 Transport 25 20 Industry 15 10 Electricity 5 Other 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045Industrial emissions are hard to get rid of (one more) carbon leakage lea Industrial goods tend to be manufactured with thin profit margins and the end-product is the same regardless of where it's manufactured Carbon leakage: higher environmental regulations in one area lead industry to move to a jurisdiction where climate policy is less stringent Example: Country A places a carbon tax on steel Domestic steel production can't compete, shuts down Steel is still needed in the economy so steel is instead imported from country B Emissions have not changed, but country A has a smaller economy Net zero means a profound transformation to the way we produce steel lea Primary steel production by route in the G7 and the rest of world in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% G7 ROW El Conventional routes I CCUS-equipped C1 Hydrogen-based I Other While advanced economies lead deployment to 2030, all regions must deploy near-zero emissions steel production - these routes account for upwards of 90% of global production by 2050 Innovative methods for steel production lea Technology Carbon readiness Iron ore Blast capture level 4-9 furnace Coal Basic oxygen furnace Direct Iron ore Technology reduced readiness Hydrogen iron level 6 furnace Electric furnace Scrap There are multiple pathways to net-zero production for steelInvestment in industry decarbonization lags behind what is needed lea Investment in industry decarbonization in the Net-Zero Scenario 180 160 Billon USD (2021) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 O 2020 2021 2022 2030 estimate North America Europe China India Global Investments in decarbonization are significantly lower than where they need to be by 2030 to be on track with Net-Zero EmissionsThere is great potential for a more efficient use of materials lea Contributions to changes in global steel demand, 2050 Infrastructure Yield requirements improvements Buildings Vehicles Direct use 2 700 Mt/yr Transport Semi-manufacturing Power Product manufacturing 2 500 Improved design and construction Extended lifetime 2 300 Light-weighting Reduced use 2 100 Direct re-use (without re-melting) 1 900 Baseline Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario Material efficiency strategies pursued across the supply chain deliver savings of over 20% in global steel production in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, relative to our baseline projection.The next investment cycle is only a decade away lea CO2 emissions from existing heavy industry assets in the Net-Zero Emission 6 NZE (heavy industry) Existing infrastructure: Gt CO2 Typical lifetime Existing infrastructure: 25-year investment 2 cycle 2020 2030 2040 2050 Intervening at the end of the next 25-year investment cycle could help unlock 60 Gt CO2, or around 40% of projected emissions from existing heavy industry assets.Poll leCl Which of the follow best-describes your knowledge level around climate change and decarbonizing industry: A. I know very little about this topic but I'm eager to learn B. I know the basics of climate change and what needs to be done to address it C. I know a bit about decarbonizing industry specifically D. I know a good deal about decarbonizing industry E. I know everything about decarbonizing industry and am only attending to stump you during the Q&A Achieving net-zero will be difficult lea In the Net Zero Scenario, between 2030 and 2050 ten heavy industrial plants equipped with carbon capture and storage, three new hydrogen-based industrial plants, and 2 GW of electrolyser capacity are deployed evem single month. Achieving this target will not be easy. Zeroing in further: steel lea Global end-use steel demand and in-use steel stock by scenario Pre-consumer scrap 3.0 7.5 Billion tonnes Consumer goods 2.4 6.0 Stock per capita (t/capita) Mechanical and 1.8 4.5 electrical equipment Vehicles 1.2 3.0 Infrastructure 0.6 1.5 Buildings 0.0 0.0 Baseline NZE Baseline NZE 2000 2020 2030 2050 Steel demand is projected to rise by more than a third through to 2050 in our baseline projection. In the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, demand is reduced through material efficiency strategies.Policy action will be necessary to achieve net-zero emissions lea - Adoption of mandatory COZ policies - International collaboration - Create a market for near-zero emission industrial goods - Additional research funding - Investment in infrastructure (electricity, hydrogen, CCS) - Improving data collection, tracking and classification systems Industrial emissions are hard to get rid of - process emissions lea . Heavy industrial processes often have Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) innate features that make them hard Initial idea to decarbonize. These include: Basic principles have been defined 2 Application formulated Concept and application of solution have been formulated . Very high temperature heat, difficult to 3 Concept needs validation Solution needs to be prototyped and applied achieve without fossil fuels . Chemical processes that result in CO2 4 Early prototype Prototype proven in test conditions emissions 5 Large prototype Components proven in conditions to be deployed . Decarbonizing these processes is 6 Full prototype at scale Prototype proven at scale in conditions to be deployed possible, but difficult and expensive involving: 7 Pre-commercial demonstration Prototype working in expected conditions 8 First of a kind commercial . Hydrogen-based production Commercial demonstration, full-scale deployment in final conditions . Carbon capture and storage 9 Commercial operation in relevant environment Solution is commercially available, needs evolutionary improvement to stay competitive . Electrification 10 Integration needed at scale Solution is commercial and competitive but needs further integration efforts . Novel manufacturing techniques 11 Proof of stability reached Predictable growthSetting near-term milestones will pave the way to long-term targets lea Net Zero Most innovative low- Almost 90% of existing by 2050 emissions technologies All industrial electric capacity in heavy industries More than 90% of heavy industry production is A Roadmap for the in heavy industry motors are best in class reaches end of their low emissions Global Energy demonstrated at scale investment cycle Sector No new ICE car sales Electric cars are 50% of fuels used in 60% of sales Electric heavy trucks are 50% of sales aviation are sustainable All new buildings are No new sales of zero-carbon ready Most appliances and cooling Half of existing buildings More than 85% of fossil fuel boilers retrofitted to zero-carbon Half of heating demand buildings are Universal energy access systems are best in class ready levels met by heat pumps zero-carbon ready Buildings 35 CO2 30 Transport 25 20 Industry 15 10 Electricity 5 Other 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 No new unabated coal plants 1 020 GW annual solar Overall net zero electricity Net zero electricity Almost 70% of electricity approved for development and wind additions in advanced economies sector globally generation globally from Phase-out of unabated coal Phase-out of all unabated solar PV and wind No new oil and gas fields in advanced economies coal and oil power plants approved for development, 4 Gt CO, captured 7.6 Gt CO, captured and no new coal mines or mine extensions 150 Mt low-carbon hydrogen; 435 Mt low-carbon hydrogen; 850 GW electrolysers 3 000 GW electrolysersGreenhouse gasses come from across the global economy lea Global greenhouse gas emissions by source, area corresponds to emissions Power generation Industry Transport Med & heavy Cement Iron & steel Passenger cars trucks Buses 2/3- whe... Coal Light Other Chemicals Aviation Shipping com... Rail Agriculture, Forestry & Buildings Other Land Use (AFOLU) Services Natural gas Oil Residential (direct) (direct) Other Source: Our World in Data (2020). Emissions by sector, IEA (2020), Energy Technology PerspectivesIndustrial emissions are hard to get rid of - process emissions lea Global CO2 emissions reductions in heavy industry in the NZE Gt CO2 O Increased 6 production Available on the 4 market Under 2 development 2020 2050 An array of measures can help reduce emissions in heavy industry, with innovative technologies like hydrogen and CCUS playing a critical roleEmissions have risen dramatically since 2000 lea Global greenhouse gas emissions from industry by source Other industry Gt CO2 oAluminium oPulp and paper O - NWA U O NO OO Chemical and petrochemical oCement olron and steel Industry total 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2030 Source: Our World in Data (2020). Emissions by sector. IEA (2020), Energy Technology Perspectives