Good morning Mr Shrugal, This Ed Callao. you told me to send my questions which I already did. Did you receive them by any chance. I am still on a trip and my deadline is tomorrow so I just want to have a piece of mind. I am resending the attachment again, so kindly reply to me soonest. Thanks
Week 3 ABSORPTION COST PROBLEMS 5-17 Nickelson Company Variable and Absorption Costing Unit Product Costs and Income Statements Nickleson Company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company's first three years of operation: Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing: Direct materials ........................................... $ 25 Direct labor ................................................... $16 Variable manufacturing overhead ............ $5 Variable selling and administrative.................... $2 Fixed costs per year: Fixed manufacturing overhead.......................... $ 300, 000 Fixed selling and administrative expenses....... $ 180, 000 During its first year of operations Nickelson produced 60, 000 units and sold 60,000 units. During its second year of operations it produced 75, 000 units and sold 50,000 units. In its third year, Nickelson produced 40, 000 units and sold 65, 000 units. The selling price of the company's product is $ 56 per unit. REQUIRED: 1. Compute the company's break-even-point in units sold. 2. Assume the company uses variable costing: a. Compute the unit product cost for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prepare an Income statement for year 1, year, 2, and year 3. 3. Assume the company uses absorption costing: a. Compute the unit product cost for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prepare an income statement for year 1, year 2, and year 3. 4. Compare the net operating income figures that you computed in requirements 2 and 3 to the break-even point that you computed in requirement 1 . Which net operating income figure seem counterintuitive? Why? PROBLEM 5-21 Prepare and Reconcile Variable Costing Statements (LO 5-1, LO 5-2, LO 5-3) Linden Company manufactures and sells a single product. Cost data for the product follow: Variable costs per unit: Direct materials.................................................... $ 6 Direct labor .......................................................... 12 Variable factory overhead................................ 4 Variable selling and administrative................. 3 Total variable costs per unit........................................... $ 25 Fixed costs per month : Fixed manufacturing overhead .......................... $ 240, 000 Fixed selling and administrative ......................... $ 180, 000 Total fixed cost per month .............................................. $ 420, 000 The product sells for $40 per unit. Production and sales data for May and June, the first two months of operation, are as follows: Units Units Produced Sold May........................... 30, 000 26, 000 June.......................... 30, 000 34, 000 Income statements prepared by the accounting department, using absorption costing, are presented below: May June Sales................................................................ $ 1, 040, 000 $ 1, 360, 000 Cost of goods sold......................................... 780, 000 1, 020, 000 Gross margin................................................. 260, 000 340, 000 Selling and administrative expense.......... 260, 000 282, 000 Net operating income................................. $ 2, 000 $ 58, 000 REQUIRED: 1. Determine the unit product cost under: a. Absorption costing b. Variable costing 2. Prepare contribution formal variable costing income statements for May and June. 3. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes. 4. The company's Accounting Department has determined the break-even point to be 28,000 units per month, computed as follows: Fixed cost per month = $ 420,000 = 28,000 units Unit contribution margin $ 15 per unit Upon receiving this figure, the president commented. \"There's something peculiar here. The controller says that the break-even point is 28,000 units per month. Yet we sold only 26, 000 units in May, and the income statement we received showed a $ 2, 000 profit. Which figure do we believe?\" Prepare a brief explanation of what happened on the May income statement. PROBLEM 5-22 SANDI SCOTT Absorption and Variable Costing: Production Constant, Sales Fluctuate (LO 5-1, LO 5-2, LO 5-3) Sandi Scott obtained a patent on a small electronic device and organized Scott Products, Inc. to produce and sell the device. During the first month of operations, the device was very well received on the market, so Ms. Scott looked forward to healthy profit. For this reason, she was surprised to see a loss for the month on her income statement. This statement was prepared by her accounting service which takes great pride in providing its timely financial data. The statement follows: Scott Products, Inc. Income Statement Sales (40,000 units)......................................................... Variable expenses Variable cost of goods sold..................................... $ 80,000 Variable selling and administrative expenses ... 30,000 Contribution margin................................................ Fixed expenses Fixed manufacturing overhead ............................ 75, 000 Fixed selling and administrative expenses.......... 20, 000 Net operating loss ......................................................... $200, 000 110, 000 90, 000 95, 000 $ (5, 000) Ms. Scott is discouraged over the loss for the month because she had planned to use the statement to encourage investors to purchase stock in the new company. A friend who is a CPA, insists that the company should be using absorption costing rather than variable costing. He argues that if absorption costing had been used, the company would have reported a profit for the month. Selected cost data relating to the product and to the first month of operation follow: Units produced ................................................................................. 50, 000 Units sold ........................................................................................... 40, 000 Variable cost per unit: Direct materials.................................................................. $ 1.00 Direct labor ........................................................................ $ 0.80 Variable manufacturing overhead ................................. $ 0.20 Variable selling and administrative expenses.............. $ 0.75 REQUIRED: also does realistic computer animation for special effect in movies. 1. Complete the following: a. Complete the product cost under absorption cost. b. Redo the company's income for the month using the absorption costing. c. Reconcile the variable and absorption costing net operating income (loss) figures. 2. Was the CPA correct in suggesting that the company really earned a \"profit\" for the month? Explain? 3. During the second month of operations, the company again produced 50,000 units but sold 60,000 units (Assume no change in total fixed costs). a. Prepare a contribution format income statement for the month using variable costing. b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the absorption costing. c. Reconcile the variable costing net operating incomes. PROBLEM 6-16 Second - Stage Allocation and Product Margins (LO 6-4, LO 6-5) AnimPix, Inc. is a small company that creates computer-generated animation for films and television. Much of the company's work consists of short commercials for television, but the company The young founders of the company have become increasingly concerned with the economics of the business-particularly because many competitors have sprung up recently in the local area. To help understand the company's cost-structure, an activity-based costing system has been designed. Three major activities carried out in the company; animation concept, animation production, and contract administration. The animation concept activity is carried out at the contract proposal stage when the company bids on projects. This is an intensive activity that involves individuals from all parts of the company bids on the projects. This is an intensive activity that involves individuals from all parts of the company in creating storyboards and prototype stills to be shown to the prospective client. After the client has accepted a project, the animation goes into production and contract administration begins. Technical staff do almost all the work involved in animation production, whereas the administrative staff is largely responsible for contract administration. The activity cost pools and their activity measure and rates are listed below: Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure Activity Rate Animation concept..................... Number of proposals $ 6, 000 per proposal Animation production................ Minutes of animation $ 7, 700 per minute of animation Contract administration............ Number of contracts $ 6, 600 per contract These activity rates include all of the costs of the company, except for the costs of idle capacity and re-organization-sustaining costs. There are no direct labor or indirect materials costs. Preliminary analysis using these activity rates has indicated that the local commercials segment of the market maybe unprofitable. This segment is higly competitive. Producers of local commercials may ask several companies like Anim Pix to bid which results in an unusually low ratio of accepted contracts to bids. Furthermore, the animation sequences tend to be much shorter for local commercials than for other work. Because animation work is billed at standard rates according to the running time of the completed animation, the revenues from these short projects tend to be below average. Data concerning activity in the local commercials market appear below: Local Activity Measure Commercials Number of proposals .......................... 20 Minutes of animation ......................... 12 Number of contracts ........................... 8 The total sales for local commercials amounted to $240,000. REQUIRED: 1. Determined the cost of serving the local commercial market. 2. Prepare a report showing the margin earned serving the local commercial market. (Remember, this company has no direct materials or direct labor costs.) 3. What would you recommend to management concerning the local commercial market? PROBLEM 6-17 Precision Manufacturing , Inc. Comparing Traditional and Activity - Based Product Margins (LO 6-1, LO 6-3) Precision Manufacturing Inc. (PMI) makes two type of industrial component parts - the EX300 and the TX500. An absorption costing income statement for the most recent period is shown below: Precision Manufacturing Inc. Income Statement Sales ................................................................. $ 1, 700, 000 Cost of goods sold.......................................... 1, 200, 000 Gross margin................................................... 500, 000 Selling and administrative expenses............ 550, 000 Net operating loss ......................................... $ ( 50, 000) PMI produced and sold 60,000 units of EX300 at a price of $20 per unit and 12, 500 units of TX500 at a price of $40 per unit. The company's traditional cost system allocated manufacturing overhead to products using a plantwide overhead rate and direct labor dollar as the allocation base. Additional information relating to the company's two product lines is shown below: EX300 Direct materials..................... $ 366, 325 Direct labor............................ $ 120, 000 Manufacturing overhead..... Cost of goods sold................. 000 TX500 Total $ 162, 550 $ 42, 500 $ 528, 875 162, 500 508, 625 $ 1, 200, The company has created an activity-based costing system to evaluate the profitability of its products. PMI's ABC implementation team concluded that $50,000 and $100,000 of the company's advertising expenses could directly traced to EX300 and TX500, respectively. The remainder of the selling and administrative expenses was organization - sustaining in nature. The ABC team also distributed the company's manufacturing overhead to four activities as shown below: Manufacturing Activity cost Pool (and activity measure) Overhead Total Machining (machine-hours)..................... $198, 250 152,500 Setups (setup hours).................................. 150, 000 375 Product-sustaining costs........................... 100, 000 2 Other ( organization-sustaining costs) 60, 375 NA Total manufacturing overhead cost........ $ 508, 625 EX 300 Activity TX 500 90,000 62,500 75 300 1 1 NA NA REQUIRED: 1. Using Exhibit 6-12 as a guide, compute the product margins for the EX300 and TX500 under the company's traditional costing system. 2. Using Exhibit 6-10 as a guide, compute the product margins for EX300 and TX500 under the activity-based costing system. 3. Using Exhibit 6-13 as a guide, prepare a quantitative comparison of the traditional and activity-based cost assignments. Explain why the traditional and activity - based cost assignments differ. PROBLEM 6-18 Comparing Traditional and Activity-Based Product Margin (LO 61, LO 6-3, LO 6-4, LO 6-5). Rocky mountain corporation makes two types of hiking boots - Xactive and the Pathbreaker . Data concerning these two product lines appear below: Xactive Pathbreaker Selling price per unit................................................... $ 127. 00 $ 89. 00 Direct materials per unit............................................ 64. 80 51.00 Direct labor per unit ................................................... 18. 20 13.00 Direct labor hours per unit ....................................... 1. 4 DLHs 1.0 DLHs Estimated annual production and sales.................. 25, 000 units 75, 000 units The company has a traditional costing system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units based on direct labor-hours. Data concerning manufacturing overhead and direct labor-hours for the upcoming year appear below: Estimated total manufacturing overhead............................. $2, 200, 000 Estimated total direct labor-hours ........................................ 110, 000 DLHs REQUIRED: 1. Using Exhibit 6-12 as a guide, compute the product margins for the Xactive and the Path breaker products under the company's traditional costing system. 2. The company I considering replacing its traditional costing system with an activity-based costing system that would assign its manufacturing overhead to the following four activity cost pools (Other cost pool includes organizationsustaining costs and idle capacity costs): Estimated Expected Activity Activities and Activity Measures Overhead cost Xactive Pathbreaker Total Supporting direct labor (direct labor-hours) $ 797, 500 35,000 75,000 110, 000 Batch setups (setups)...................................... 680, 000 250 150 400 Batch setups..................................................... 650, 000 1 1 2 Other................................................................. 72, 500 NA NA NA Total manufacturing overhead cost.............. $2, 200, 000 Using Exhibit 6-10 as a guide, compute the product margins for the Xactive and the Path-breaker products under the activity-based costing system. 3. Using Exhibit 6-13 as a guide, prepare a quantitative comparison of the traditional and activity-based cost assignment. Explain why the traditional and activity-based cost assignments differ. Week 3 ABSORPTION COST PROBLEMS 5-17 Nickelson Company Variable and Absorption Costing Unit Product Costs and Income Statements Nickleson Company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company's first three years of operation: Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing: Direct materials ........................................... $ 25 Direct labor ................................................... $16 Variable manufacturing overhead ............ $5 Variable selling and administrative.................... $2 Fixed costs per year: Fixed manufacturing overhead.......................... $ 300, 000 Fixed selling and administrative expenses....... $ 180, 000 During its first year of operations Nickelson produced 60, 000 units and sold 60,000 units. During its second year of operations it produced 75, 000 units and sold 50,000 units. In its third year, Nickelson produced 40, 000 units and sold 65, 000 units. The selling price of the company's product is $ 56 per unit. REQUIRED: 1. Compute the company's break-even-point in units sold. 2. Assume the company uses variable costing: a. Compute the unit product cost for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prepare an Income statement for year 1, year, 2, and year 3. 3. Assume the company uses absorption costing: a. Compute the unit product cost for year 1, year 2, and year 3. b. Prepare an income statement for year 1, year 2, and year 3. 4. Compare the net operating income figures that you computed in requirements 2 and 3 to the break-even point that you computed in requirement 1 . Which net operating income figure seem counterintuitive? Why? PROBLEM 5-21 Prepare and Reconcile Variable Costing Statements (LO 5-1, LO 5-2, LO 5-3) Linden Company manufactures and sells a single product. Cost data for the product follow: Variable costs per unit: Direct materials.................................................... $ 6 Direct labor .......................................................... 12 Variable factory overhead................................ 4 Variable selling and administrative................. 3 Total variable costs per unit........................................... $ 25 Fixed costs per month : Fixed manufacturing overhead .......................... $ 240, 000 Fixed selling and administrative ......................... $ 180, 000 Total fixed cost per month .............................................. $ 420, 000 The product sells for $40 per unit. Production and sales data for May and June, the first two months of operation, are as follows: Units Units Produced Sold May........................... 30, 000 26, 000 June.......................... 30, 000 34, 000 Income statements prepared by the accounting department, using absorption costing, are presented below: May June Sales................................................................ $ 1, 040, 000 $ 1, 360, 000 Cost of goods sold......................................... 780, 000 1, 020, 000 Gross margin................................................. 260, 000 340, 000 Selling and administrative expense.......... 260, 000 282, 000 Net operating income................................. $ 2, 000 $ 58, 000 REQUIRED: 1. Determine the unit product cost under: a. Absorption costing b. Variable costing 2. Prepare contribution formal variable costing income statements for May and June. 3. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes. 4. The company's Accounting Department has determined the break-even point to be 28,000 units per month, computed as follows: Fixed cost per month = $ 420,000 = 28,000 units Unit contribution margin $ 15 per unit Upon receiving this figure, the president commented. \"There's something peculiar here. The controller says that the break-even point is 28,000 units per month. Yet we sold only 26, 000 units in May, and the income statement we received showed a $ 2, 000 profit. Which figure do we believe?\" Prepare a brief explanation of what happened on the May income statement. PROBLEM 5-22 SANDI SCOTT Absorption and Variable Costing: Production Constant, Sales Fluctuate (LO 5-1, LO 5-2, LO 5-3) Sandi Scott obtained a patent on a small electronic device and organized Scott Products, Inc. to produce and sell the device. During the first month of operations, the device was very well received on the market, so Ms. Scott looked forward to healthy profit. For this reason, she was surprised to see a loss for the month on her income statement. This statement was prepared by her accounting service which takes great pride in providing its timely financial data. The statement follows: Scott Products, Inc. Income Statement Sales (40,000 units)......................................................... Variable expenses Variable cost of goods sold..................................... $ 80,000 Variable selling and administrative expenses ... 30,000 Contribution margin................................................ Fixed expenses Fixed manufacturing overhead ............................ 75, 000 Fixed selling and administrative expenses.......... 20, 000 Net operating loss ......................................................... $200, 000 110, 000 90, 000 95, 000 $ (5, 000) Ms. Scott is discouraged over the loss for the month because she had planned to use the statement to encourage investors to purchase stock in the new company. A friend who is a CPA, insists that the company should be using absorption costing rather than variable costing. He argues that if absorption costing had been used, the company would have reported a profit for the month. Selected cost data relating to the product and to the first month of operation follow: Units produced ................................................................................. 50, 000 Units sold ........................................................................................... 40, 000 Variable cost per unit: Direct materials.................................................................. $ 1.00 Direct labor ........................................................................ $ 0.80 Variable manufacturing overhead ................................. $ 0.20 Variable selling and administrative expenses.............. $ 0.75 REQUIRED: also does realistic computer animation for special effect in movies. 1. Complete the following: a. Complete the product cost under absorption cost. b. Redo the company's income for the month using the absorption costing. c. Reconcile the variable and absorption costing net operating income (loss) figures. 2. Was the CPA correct in suggesting that the company really earned a \"profit\" for the month? Explain? 3. During the second month of operations, the company again produced 50,000 units but sold 60,000 units (Assume no change in total fixed costs). a. Prepare a contribution format income statement for the month using variable costing. b. Prepare an income statement for the month using the absorption costing. c. Reconcile the variable costing net operating incomes. PROBLEM 6-16 Second - Stage Allocation and Product Margins (LO 6-4, LO 6-5) AnimPix, Inc. is a small company that creates computer-generated animation for films and television. Much of the company's work consists of short commercials for television, but the company The young founders of the company have become increasingly concerned with the economics of the business-particularly because many competitors have sprung up recently in the local area. To help understand the company's cost-structure, an activity-based costing system has been designed. Three major activities carried out in the company; animation concept, animation production, and contract administration. The animation concept activity is carried out at the contract proposal stage when the company bids on projects. This is an intensive activity that involves individuals from all parts of the company bids on the projects. This is an intensive activity that involves individuals from all parts of the company in creating storyboards and prototype stills to be shown to the prospective client. After the client has accepted a project, the animation goes into production and contract administration begins. Technical staff do almost all the work involved in animation production, whereas the administrative staff is largely responsible for contract administration. The activity cost pools and their activity measure and rates are listed below: Activity Cost Pool Activity Measure Activity Rate Animation concept..................... Number of proposals $ 6, 000 per proposal Animation production................ Minutes of animation $ 7, 700 per minute of animation Contract administration............ Number of contracts $ 6, 600 per contract These activity rates include all of the costs of the company, except for the costs of idle capacity and re-organization-sustaining costs. There are no direct labor or indirect materials costs. Preliminary analysis using these activity rates has indicated that the local commercials segment of the market maybe unprofitable. This segment is higly competitive. Producers of local commercials may ask several companies like Anim Pix to bid which results in an unusually low ratio of accepted contracts to bids. Furthermore, the animation sequences tend to be much shorter for local commercials than for other work. Because animation work is billed at standard rates according to the running time of the completed animation, the revenues from these short projects tend to be below average. Data concerning activity in the local commercials market appear below: Local Activity Measure Commercials Number of proposals .......................... 20 Minutes of animation ......................... 12 Number of contracts ........................... 8 The total sales for local commercials amounted to $240,000. REQUIRED: 1. Determined the cost of serving the local commercial market. 2. Prepare a report showing the margin earned serving the local commercial market. (Remember, this company has no direct materials or direct labor costs.) 3. What would you recommend to management concerning the local commercial market? PROBLEM 6-17 Precision Manufacturing , Inc. Comparing Traditional and Activity - Based Product Margins (LO 6-1, LO 6-3) Precision Manufacturing Inc. (PMI) makes two type of industrial component parts - the EX300 and the TX500. An absorption costing income statement for the most recent period is shown below: Precision Manufacturing Inc. Income Statement Sales ................................................................. $ 1, 700, 000 Cost of goods sold.......................................... 1, 200, 000 Gross margin................................................... 500, 000 Selling and administrative expenses............ 550, 000 Net operating loss ......................................... $ ( 50, 000) PMI produced and sold 60,000 units of EX300 at a price of $20 per unit and 12, 500 units of TX500 at a price of $40 per unit. The company's traditional cost system allocated manufacturing overhead to products using a plantwide overhead rate and direct labor dollar as the allocation base. Additional information relating to the company's two product lines is shown below: EX300 Direct materials..................... $ 366, 325 Direct labor............................ $ 120, 000 Manufacturing overhead..... Cost of goods sold................. 000 TX500 Total $ 162, 550 $ 42, 500 $ 528, 875 162, 500 508, 625 $ 1, 200, The company has created an activity-based costing system to evaluate the profitability of its products. PMI's ABC implementation team concluded that $50,000 and $100,000 of the company's advertising expenses could directly traced to EX300 and TX500, respectively. The remainder of the selling and administrative expenses was organization - sustaining in nature. The ABC team also distributed the company's manufacturing overhead to four activities as shown below: Manufacturing Activity cost Pool (and activity measure) Overhead Total Machining (machine-hours)..................... $198, 250 152,500 Setups (setup hours).................................. 150, 000 375 Product-sustaining costs........................... 100, 000 2 Other ( organization-sustaining costs) 60, 375 NA Total manufacturing overhead cost........ $ 508, 625 EX 300 Activity TX 500 90,000 62,500 75 300 1 1 NA NA REQUIRED: 1. Using Exhibit 6-12 as a guide, compute the product margins for the EX300 and TX500 under the company's traditional costing system. 2. Using Exhibit 6-10 as a guide, compute the product margins for EX300 and TX500 under the activity-based costing system. 3. Using Exhibit 6-13 as a guide, prepare a quantitative comparison of the traditional and activity-based cost assignments. Explain why the traditional and activity - based cost assignments differ. PROBLEM 6-18 Comparing Traditional and Activity-Based Product Margin (LO 61, LO 6-3, LO 6-4, LO 6-5). Rocky mountain corporation makes two types of hiking boots - Xactive and the Pathbreaker . Data concerning these two product lines appear below: Xactive Pathbreaker Selling price per unit................................................... $ 127. 00 $ 89. 00 Direct materials per unit............................................ 64. 80 51.00 Direct labor per unit ................................................... 18. 20 13.00 Direct labor hours per unit ....................................... 1. 4 DLHs 1.0 DLHs Estimated annual production and sales.................. 25, 000 units 75, 000 units The company has a traditional costing system in which manufacturing overhead is applied to units based on direct labor-hours. Data concerning manufacturing overhead and direct labor-hours for the upcoming year appear below: Estimated total manufacturing overhead............................. $2, 200, 000 Estimated total direct labor-hours ........................................ 110, 000 DLHs REQUIRED: 1. Using Exhibit 6-12 as a guide, compute the product margins for the Xactive and the Path breaker products under the company's traditional costing system. 2. The company I considering replacing its traditional costing system with an activity-based costing system that would assign its manufacturing overhead to the following four activity cost pools (Other cost pool includes organizationsustaining costs and idle capacity costs): Estimated Expected Activity Activities and Activity Measures Overhead cost Xactive Pathbreaker Total Supporting direct labor (direct labor-hours) $ 797, 500 35,000 75,000 110, 000 Batch setups (setups)...................................... 680, 000 250 150 400 Batch setups..................................................... 650, 000 1 1 2 Other................................................................. 72, 500 NA NA NA Total manufacturing overhead cost.............. $2, 200, 000 Using Exhibit 6-10 as a guide, compute the product margins for the Xactive and the Path-breaker products under the activity-based costing system. 3. Using Exhibit 6-13 as a guide, prepare a quantitative comparison of the traditional and activity-based cost assignment. Explain why the traditional and activity-based cost assignments differ
