Goodale and Milner's patient DF was able to correctly put an envelope through a slot in a disc, but not to reproduce the orientation of the slot itself. This suggests that...

Group of answer choices

The patient was likely faking her own condition.

Attention is applied after the visual scene has been processed ("Late selection")

There is a dissociation between "perception" and "perception for action".

Experience (e.g., mailing envelopes) shapes the visual system

All of the following, except ________________, are safe and non-invasive means of observing brain function.

Group of answer choices

Positron Emission Tomography

Implanted microelectrode recording

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Electroencephalography

One of the reasons you can recognize your best friend, even if you only see the back of their head in a crowd, is:

Group of answer choices

Because you're really good at picking people apart based on the back of their head

Viewpoint invariance

Image transformation

The fusiform face gyrus

The U.S. government is considering changing the driving laws to improve for safety, and you have been consulted as an attention expert. Specifically, you are asked to identify which of the following conditions poses the biggest safety risk on the road. Given the principles of divided attention, your suggestion is that the most dangerous condition is...

Group of answer choices

When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage, because the visual scene is much harder to scan when more objects are present.

When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic, because binding the color of brake lights to their shape requires significant amounts of attentional resources.

When the person has is driving early in the morning, when the person's occipital lobe is still partially asleep.

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle, because driving is less automatic and subtracts more cognitive resources.

Two groups of subjects in an experiment view a stimulus while hearing a loud noise. The control group sees a face, and the experimental group sees a picture of a firing range. When asked to identify the source of noise, a large portion of the experimental group says it was a gunshot, while the control group reports that someone clapped. Which theory of perception best explains this phenomenon?

Group of answer choices

Bayesian inference.

Broadbent's model of attention

Regularities in the environment.

The distinction between "what" and "where" pathways

Consider the set of statements given below. Decide whether each of the statements below is true. If a statement is true, decide whether this reflects a Bayesian or frequentist property of the Bayesian estimator. Note: This problem is about the Bayesian estimator that you obtained in (c). A frequentist property refers to all estimator properties that were considered before this lecture and are used in the context where there is a fixed, true, parameter value, and we want our estimator to approximate this value. On the other hand, a Bayesian property refers to properties that indicate that we weight the likelihood somehow, not just using the raw values of the likelihood. (This could involve no additional judgement on the value of the parameter, for example if we use Jeffreys prior.) Which statements are true and reflects a Bayesian property of the Bayesian estimator in (c)? The Bayesian estimator is consistent. The Bayesian estimator is unbiased. The Bayesian estimator gives in expectation a larger estimate if there are few observations, given a fixed 0, due to the nature of the prior used. The Bayesian estimator does not assume any particular prior distribution that is independent of the conditional likelihood. The Bayesian estimator is asymptotically normal. Which statements are true and reflects a frequentist property of the Bayesian estimator in (c)? The Bayesian estimator is consistent. The Bayesian estimator is unbiased. The Bayesian estimator gives in expectation a larger estimate if there are few observations, given a fixed 0, due to the nature of the prior used. The Bayesian estimator does not assume any particular prior distribution that is independent of the conditional likelihood. The Bayesian estimator is asymptotically normal.Question Now let's use Bayes' theorem and the binomial distribution to address a very similar question. You toss a bent coin / times, obtaining a sequence of heads and tails (similar to a string of Os and is as in the previous question). The coin has an unknown bias f of coming up heads. (a) If ny heads have occurred in N tosses, what is the probability distribution of f? Assume a uniform prior P(f) = 1, and make use of the following result: [" so(1 - sods = (atb+1)! a!b! (b) Sketch (or plot) the shape of the probability distribution of f for N = 3 and ny = 2. (c) Now derive a formula for the most probable value of f (the most probable value of f, denoted f, is the value of f that maximizes the probability distribution in (a)). What is f for N = 3 and ny = 2. [Hint: maximize log P(fIn#, N) rather than P(fin#, N)]. (d) Derive a formula for the probability that the N + 1th outcome will be a head. To do this, you must marginalize over f: P(tossN+1 is heads(ng, N) = P(tossN+1 is heads ng, N, f)P(f(nH, N)df. For what values of / and ny does this probability approach f?Activity 10 Homework: Phylogenetic inference 1. Briefly describe the steps involved in conducting phylogenetic inference using parsimony 2. Why is using parsimony with morphological data problematic? 3. The eyes of an octopus and human look very similar but they do not share a common ancestor. This is an example of a(n) . Homoplasy . Homology . Synapomorphy a. Plesiomorphy . Apomorphy 4. What does it mean for a trait to have an appropriate amount of variation for a use in a phylogenetic analysis? Use examples s. Which statement(s) is/are true about Bayesian method? a. Bayesian searches for trees with highest posterior probability b. It is based on Bayes theorem c. Does not use models for tree inference d. Utilizes prior information/probability e. Same principle as maximum parsimony