Goodfellow & Perkins gained a new client, Brookwood Pines Hospital (BPH), a private, not-for-profit hospital. The fiscal year-end for Brookwood Pines is June 30. You are performing the audit for the 2023 fiscal year-end, and the audit is currently in the risk assessment phase.

The healthcare industry can be very complicated, especially in the area of billing for services provided. BPH contracts with private physician groups who use the hospital facilities, equipment, and nursing staff to treat patients. The physicians in the private group are not employees of the hospital; they are simply using the hospital facilities to treat patients. For example, a group of urologists have their own practice, separate from the hospital, where they treat their patients. If one of their patients needs a surgical procedure that must be done at a hospital, then the attending urologist will approve the paperwork required to admit the patient to BPH. BPH offers inducements to the urologists so they will refer patients to BPH rather than a competing hospital. One of the inducements BPH offers is free office space in the hospital for the doctors to use when they are treating their patients in the hospital.

After the doctor and hospital services are provided to the patient, the patient and/or the patient's insurance company is billed. The doctor will bill for the services he or she provided, and the hospital will bill for the use of hospital facilities and staff. Doctors and hospitals bill using a coding system that is standardized across the healthcare industry and consists of three main code sets: ICD, CPT, and HCPCS. Using a coding system is more efficient and data-friendly compared to writing a narrative about the procedures performed. However, the coding system is very complex, with thousands of different codes for medical procedures and diagnoses. To complicate matters even more, for patients who are covered by government-sponsored Medicare or Medicaid, doctors and hospitals must adhere to complicated government regulations surrounding billings to Medicare and Medicaid.

As healthcare costs continue to rise each year, BPH administrators struggle to maintain consistent profitability. They look for ways to keep costs low and also to collect from patients and insurance companies as quickly as possible. In addition, BPH must have a strong risk management team to handle unique situations that may occur in hospitals such as malpractice lawsuits and periodic inspections by the state department of health and hospitals. Negative publicity for BPH could lead to decreased revenues if physicians decide to contract with a competing hospital.

Evaluating internal controlAnalysis: Brookwood Pines has a large number of employees and it is important for the payroll system to have controls to ensure that employees actually worked the hours they are paid for. Answer the following items:

a. Determine the key assertion at risk.

b. Describe a practical preventive internal control that would directly address the risk.

c. Describe a practical detective internal control that would directly address the risk.

d. Explain the test of controls you would perform to test the control in your answer to (b), including the evidence that you would obtain.

e. Describe the evidence of an exception to the internal control in your answer to (b).

f. Explain the test of controls you would perform to test the control in your answer to (c), including the evidence that you would obtain.

g. Describe the evidence of an exception to the internal control in your answer to (c)